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2021年夏花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2021-06-03 09:43:47 來(lái)源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料專家指導(dǎo)組 作者:全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:17864 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀: 我國(guó)夏花生主要分布在黃淮海地區(qū),包括麥后直播和麥田套種兩類種植模式。為指導(dǎo)各地抓好夏花生生產(chǎn),推進(jìn)夏花生高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,現(xiàn)提出2021年夏花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 我國(guó)夏花生主要分布在黃淮海地區(qū),包括麥后直播和麥田套種兩類種植模式。為指導(dǎo)各地抓好夏花生生產(chǎn),推進(jìn)夏花生高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,現(xiàn)提出2021年夏花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)。
 
  一、科學(xué)選用品種,提高種子質(zhì)量
 
  根據(jù)生態(tài)條件、種植模式及市場(chǎng)需求選用優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、抗病性好、適合機(jī)械收獲的中早熟花生品種,因地制宜選用高油酸品種。麥后直播花生宜選用生育期在110天以內(nèi)的早熟中小果品種,覆膜直播花生選用比露地栽培生育期長(zhǎng)10—15天的中熟品種,寬幅間作夏花生選用較耐蔭、中大果、適應(yīng)性廣的早熟或中早熟品種。麥套花生選用生育期在125天以內(nèi)的中早熟、中大果品種。要扎實(shí)做好曬種、精選、包衣等種子加工工作,確?;ㄉN子飽滿、均勻、活力強(qiáng),切實(shí)提高種子質(zhì)量。
 
  二、適期適墑播種,提高播種質(zhì)量
 
  要做到搶茬播種、足墑播種、合理密植等,提高夏花生播種質(zhì)量,打好豐收基礎(chǔ)。一是搶茬播種。麥后直播花生應(yīng)搶時(shí)早播,一般不晚于6月15日;鑒于今年4月、5月上中旬溫度相對(duì)偏低、小麥?zhǔn)斋@可能推遲,應(yīng)適當(dāng)提前做好備播準(zhǔn)備,確保小麥?zhǔn)斋@后搶時(shí)早播。麥套花生一般在麥?zhǔn)涨?5—20天播種。二是足墑播種?;ㄉシN適宜的土壤水分含量為田間最大持水量的70%左右,墑情不足的地塊要造墑播種,特別是麥套花生遇旱要在適播期前造墑。為保證搶時(shí)早播、減少造墑以及可能的陰雨天氣影響播期,可采用“干播濕出”的方法,如起壟種植花生播后順壟澆灌,覆膜花生宜采用膜下滴灌,露地花生可采用微噴等方式。三是合理密植。麥后直播花生推廣機(jī)械化起壟種植模式,壟距75—80厘米,壟面寬50厘米左右,壟上播2行,播種密度12000穴/畝左右、每穴2粒;單粒精播16000—18000穴/畝。麥套花生10000穴/畝左右、每穴2粒。四是精細(xì)播種。播種深度一般控制在3—5厘米,墑情好的播種深度宜淺,墑情差的播種深度宜深。壟作覆膜夏花生宜淺播覆土,播種深度控制在2—3厘米,播后覆膜鎮(zhèn)壓,膜上覆土2—3厘米,確保下胚軸伸長(zhǎng),子葉節(jié)出土(膜)。
 
  三、精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控肥水,優(yōu)化群體質(zhì)量
 
  夏花生生育進(jìn)程較快,在田間管理上要以促為主,促控結(jié)合,不斷優(yōu)化群體質(zhì)量。一是滅茬培土。麥套花生始花前要及時(shí)滅茬滅草,麥后直播花生要精細(xì)整地,盛花期封壟前進(jìn)行中耕培土,增強(qiáng)土壤通透性。二是平衡施肥。麥套花生結(jié)合中耕每畝追施尿素或復(fù)合肥15公斤左右,過(guò)磷酸鈣30—50公斤。麥后直播花生整地時(shí)施足底肥,根據(jù)預(yù)期產(chǎn)量、土壤肥力狀況,合理使用氮磷鉀和鈣肥,適量補(bǔ)充微肥,一般畝施花生專用肥40—50公斤,花針期畝追施石膏粉25公斤,促進(jìn)莢果和籽仁發(fā)育。三是及時(shí)補(bǔ)水。夏花生對(duì)干旱十分敏感,苗期視土壤墑情及時(shí)灌溉,促苗早發(fā)?;ㄡ樒诤徒Y(jié)莢期(7月中下旬至8月上中旬)是花生生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育需水的臨界期,干旱時(shí)應(yīng)及時(shí)灌溉。同時(shí),應(yīng)保持田間“三溝”相通,注意排水,防止芽澇、苗澇,以及后期澇災(zāi)對(duì)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響。四是因苗化控。在花生株高30厘米左右時(shí),有旺長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)的田塊應(yīng)及時(shí)噴施植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑控旺防倒,調(diào)節(jié)劑的使用應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照使用說(shuō)明書(shū),噴施時(shí)間一般于上午10點(diǎn)前或下午3點(diǎn)后進(jìn)行。后期結(jié)合葉部病害防治,可噴灑磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥,防病防早衰。
 
  四、綠色防控病蟲(chóng),促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展
 
  一是合理輪作。提倡花生與玉米、水稻等糧食作物輪作,改善土壤環(huán)境,減輕連作障礙,同時(shí)防治花生土傳病害及部分葉部病害。二是選用抗病品種,并進(jìn)行種子處理。因地制宜選用抗病品種,特別是在花生青枯病嚴(yán)重的地區(qū),應(yīng)選擇高抗青枯病的品種;在播種前對(duì)種子進(jìn)行包衣或拌種,預(yù)防花生根腐病、莖腐病、冠腐病等土傳病害和蠐螬等地下害蟲(chóng)的發(fā)生。三是起壟種植。起壟種植有利于通風(fēng)透光、改善土壤理化性質(zhì),改良花生生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境、培育壯苗,提高抗病能力。四是做好生物、物理防治??墒褂妙l振燈、色板、性誘劑、食誘劑、糖醋液等誘控技術(shù),以及天敵保護(hù)利用、蓖麻等誘集植物捕殺措施。
 
  五、及時(shí)收獲干燥,確保安全儲(chǔ)藏
 
  花生大部分莢果飽滿成熟時(shí),搶晴好天氣及時(shí)收獲,可采取聯(lián)合收獲或分段收獲。根據(jù)氣溫和騰茬需求可適當(dāng)晚收,延長(zhǎng)飽果充實(shí)時(shí)間,提高產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)。收獲后應(yīng)抓緊晾曬或烘干干燥,使莢果含水量盡快降到10%以下后精選入庫(kù),倉(cāng)庫(kù)應(yīng)控制貯藏溫濕度條件,防治貯藏害蟲(chóng),降低黃曲霉毒素污染發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為提高花生品質(zhì)品相,應(yīng)盡量做到分品種專收專儲(chǔ)。
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