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我國芝麻生產(chǎn)機械化進程取得重大進展

2018-09-19 11:25:41 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：29458 評論

導讀：芝麻是我國傳統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢特色油料作物，芝麻籽香味濃郁且含油量高，深受人民喜愛。近年來，隨著人民生活質(zhì)量提高，我國芝麻需求量大幅增加，然而，國內(nèi)供給嚴重不足，進口量達需求量的60%。由于國內(nèi)芝麻生產(chǎn)機械化程度低，勞動強度較大，從種植到收割都需要較多的勞動力。受勞動力成本高的限制，農(nóng)民種植積極性不高，嚴重制約芝麻產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。專家和廣大種植戶表示，解決芝麻生產(chǎn)機械化問題已成為產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的首要任務。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】 芝麻是我國傳統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢特色油料作物，芝麻籽香味濃郁且含油量高，深受人民喜愛。近年來，隨著人民生活質(zhì)量提高，我國芝麻需求量大幅增加，然而，國內(nèi)供給嚴重不足，進口量達需求量的60%。由于國內(nèi)芝麻生產(chǎn)機械化程度低，勞動強度較大，從種植到收割都需要較多的勞動力。受勞動力成本高的限制，農(nóng)民種植積極性不高，嚴重制約芝麻產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。專家和廣大種植戶表示，解決芝麻生產(chǎn)機械化問題已成為產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的首要任務。
 
　　湖北鄂州芝麻聯(lián)合機收改進試驗取得新進展
 
　　9月4日，湖北鄂州市華容區(qū)段店鎮(zhèn)臨江鄉(xiāng)粑鋪村芝麻機收現(xiàn)場，中國農(nóng)科院油料所及市區(qū)兩級科技、科協(xié)、農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)機等部門16位領(lǐng)導和專家及兩家農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社10多位理事長、技術(shù)人員共同見證了芝麻聯(lián)合機收改進試驗取得的新進展。
 
　　芝麻聯(lián)合機收關(guān)鍵因素為適于機收的品種、成熟一致的熟期調(diào)控和對現(xiàn)有小籽粒聯(lián)合收割機的適宜改進，實現(xiàn)收獲損失降低。通過兩年的芝麻生產(chǎn)全程機械化試驗示范改進，品種和熟期調(diào)控已獲成功，聯(lián)合收割機的改進取得了收割后損失(聯(lián)合收割機損失有割臺損失和收割后損失，收割后損失包括脫粒、分離、清選等損失。芝麻機收試驗表明：割臺損失占總損失80%左右)符合小籽粒聯(lián)合收割機損失控制標準。今年又對割臺進行了4個方面的改進，試驗效果明顯，割臺損失比去年降低50%以上。
 
　　近三年來，中國農(nóng)科院油料作物研究所芝麻團隊、市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心、市農(nóng)機技術(shù)推廣中心、華容區(qū)段店益農(nóng)農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社、臨江犇元農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社密切合作，積極開展芝麻生產(chǎn)全程機械化技術(shù)試驗示范，在適于機械化作業(yè)的芝麻品種培育、聯(lián)合精密直播、防控、熟期調(diào)控和聯(lián)合機收等方面取得了顯著成效。
 
　　湖北省芝麻生產(chǎn)全程機械化取得重大突破
 
　　9月16日，中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院油料作物研究所聯(lián)合鄂州市農(nóng)委在鄂州段店鎮(zhèn)成功舉辦芝麻全程機械化綠色節(jié)本增效種植技術(shù)暨標準化示范區(qū)建設(shè)觀摩活動，標志著我國芝麻生產(chǎn)機械化進程取得重大進展。
 
　　在示范現(xiàn)場，近千畝連片的芝麻地里，聯(lián)合收割機來回穿梭，不一會幾畝芝麻已經(jīng)收獲完畢，收割機走到地頭，白花花的芝麻籽從機艙里輸送出來，而旁邊人工收割的芝麻才放倒了不到半畝，后面還要經(jīng)過打捆、晾曬、脫粒幾道工序才能完成收獲。此次在湖北鄂州創(chuàng)建的千畝芝麻生產(chǎn)標準化示范區(qū)，充分顯示出機械化種植的綠色節(jié)本增效優(yōu)勢。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、湖北省科技廳、湖北省農(nóng)機推廣總站、湖北省農(nóng)技推廣總站、國家特色油料產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系、種子和加工企業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)合作社、芝麻種植大戶等領(lǐng)導、專家和代表80余人參加了現(xiàn)場觀摩。
 
　　江西省花生芝麻體系贛東試驗站團隊赴撫州調(diào)研花生芝麻生產(chǎn)情況
 
　　9月10日，江西省花生芝麻產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系贛東試驗站團隊2名成員赴撫州市臨川區(qū)高坪鎮(zhèn)調(diào)研花生芝麻生產(chǎn)情況。
 
　　團隊成員先與高坪鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)技站負責人進行了簡單的座談，了解了當?shù)鼗ㄉヂ榻攴N植面積嚴重萎縮的實際，隨后走村入戶，到田間地頭查看了花生芝麻種植情況。
 
　　經(jīng)調(diào)研，勞動力缺乏、技術(shù)落后、生產(chǎn)成本過高、花生價格波動較大、比較效益低等是導致花生芝麻種植面積日益萎縮的主要因素，農(nóng)戶迫切希望科研部門能夠提供更多好的品種和技術(shù)，特別是希望花生芝麻生產(chǎn)能夠早日大規(guī)模實現(xiàn)機械化。此次調(diào)研，為團隊今后工作提供了寶貴的手材料，也進一步明確了團隊今后工作的方向和切入點。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：湖北省農(nóng)機安全監(jiān)理(推廣)總站、江西省紅壤研究所、鄂州市農(nóng)委，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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