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糧改飼三年,糧飼通用型或為我國青貯玉米新發(fā)展方向
2018-10-24
16:46:08
來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:42705
評論
導(dǎo)讀:作為近年來農(nóng)業(yè)部開展的重要農(nóng)業(yè)改革模式,糧改飼主要是因地制宜引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民種植青貯玉米,在適合種植牧草的地區(qū)推廣,將單純的糧倉變?yōu)椤凹Z倉 奶罐 肉庫”,調(diào)整糧食、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的二元結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為糧食、經(jīng)濟(jì)、飼料作物的三元結(jié)構(gòu)。
【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】作為近年來農(nóng)業(yè)部開展的重要農(nóng)業(yè)改革模式,糧改飼主要是因地制宜引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民種植青貯玉米,在適合種植牧草的地區(qū)推廣,將單純的糧倉變?yōu)?ldquo;糧倉+奶罐+肉庫”,調(diào)整糧食、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的二元結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為糧食、經(jīng)濟(jì)、飼料作物的三元結(jié)構(gòu)。
糧改飼實行三年多以來,充分證明了這一政策是調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)部署,利于加快農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革。自2015年啟動實施糧改飼試點工作以來,目前試點范圍已擴(kuò)大到17個省(區(qū)),而在2017年的《全國種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整規(guī)劃》提出,到2020年飼草料面積將要發(fā)展到9500萬畝,其中青貯玉米面積要達(dá)到2500萬畝。
種養(yǎng)結(jié)合,發(fā)展與綠色并行
種養(yǎng)結(jié)合是一種將種植業(yè)和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)相結(jié)合的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)模式,在這種模式下以地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資源條件為依托,充分發(fā)揮比較,優(yōu)勢動植物相互依存,養(yǎng)殖業(yè)種植業(yè)共同發(fā)展。種植出來的
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品可以作為養(yǎng)殖動物的飼料,反過來,動物的糞便則是農(nóng)作物天然的養(yǎng)料,既綠色又能拓展農(nóng)民增收渠道。
此外,種養(yǎng)結(jié)合的模式在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營時農(nóng)戶還可以根據(jù)自身條件,選擇更加適宜的產(chǎn)品,增加管理時間,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)向精細(xì)化、專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方向發(fā)展。而這又在一定程度上利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品牌的創(chuàng)建,提高其市場競爭力。
在糧改飼背景下,青貯玉米種植和畜牧業(yè)共同發(fā)展無疑是相得益彰的。在市場變化巨大的現(xiàn)今,只有牢牢跟進(jìn)市場信息的人才能規(guī)避風(fēng)險。相對而言,農(nóng)民的信息渠道較為狹隘,對于信息的接收較為被動和具有延遲性,而種養(yǎng)結(jié)合則可以根據(jù)養(yǎng)殖需求來確定種植面積,通過適應(yīng)市場需求合理地調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),避免盲目擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)范圍,降低生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險的同時增加農(nóng)民收入,促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增長。
重點推廣全株青貯玉米
糧改飼政策的重點是調(diào)整玉米種植結(jié)構(gòu),大規(guī)模發(fā)展適應(yīng)于肉牛、肉羊、奶牛等草食畜牧業(yè)需求的青貯玉米。在糧改飼試點區(qū)基本以推廣全株玉米青貯為重點,發(fā)展規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖以提高種養(yǎng)效益。而青貯玉米事實上就是將新鮮全株玉米存放到青貯窯中,經(jīng)發(fā)酵制成飼料。
相對比與普通玉米,青貯玉米營養(yǎng)豐富、消化率較高,莖葉中含有可消化利用的纖維營養(yǎng),籽粒中富含淀粉能量營養(yǎng),對于牛羊來說適口性強(qiáng),更適合充當(dāng)畜牧業(yè)養(yǎng)殖的飼料??梢哉f糧改飼是政策利好,青貯飼料又是牧場的剛需,青貯玉米從種子、種植、飼料、養(yǎng)殖到奶肉產(chǎn)品的全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)都帶來了新的機(jī)遇。然而,有的種植者卻是叫苦連連。
目前我國青貯玉米面積僅僅占玉米總種植面積的6%到8%,而在歐洲則是高達(dá)80%。一方面是因為我國的青貯玉米技術(shù)起步晚,宣傳力度不夠,很多人尚還不了解,而這導(dǎo)致的尷尬后果卻是農(nóng)民買成了其他品種的玉米種子,后造成虧損;另一方面也是因為青貯玉米對品種和種植技術(shù)都有較高要求,很多地區(qū)尚難以滿足。
發(fā)展新方向:通用型青貯玉米
花了錢買到的卻不是自己想要的玉米種子使得很多農(nóng)戶叫苦連連,但是苦于自身不會辨別,在下一年依然只能忐忑地四處請教。目前科研單位正在研究通用型的青貯玉米品種,希望能夠解決這個難題。
通用型青貯玉米主既要通過青貯玉米審定、又要通過普通玉米審定,既可以收籽粒當(dāng)糧食賣,也可以做青貯飼料青貯,滿足農(nóng)民多個選擇的需要。收獲季農(nóng)戶可以根據(jù)市場需求情況來確定它的用途,糧價高時可收獲籽粒賣糧,因為它有較高的籽粒產(chǎn)量;青貯飼料價格合理則賣全株青貯,保證種植者和養(yǎng)殖者都能有較好的收益。
隨著養(yǎng)殖業(yè)規(guī)?;?、現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展,對全株青貯玉米的要求進(jìn)一步提高,而選擇的玉米品種則顯然是一個良好的開端?;蛟S,糧飼通用型青貯玉米未來會成為更多人的選擇,成為行業(yè)發(fā)展新方向。
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