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紅河農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)低空經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展情況調(diào)研報(bào)告

2024-10-26 08:57:03 來(lái)源:云南省紅河州農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局農(nóng)機(jī)科科長(zhǎng) 劉漢明 閱讀量:16787 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:近年來(lái),云南省紅河州的農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用從最初的單純農(nóng)田植保,逐漸擴(kuò)展到作物監(jiān)測(cè)、無(wú)人機(jī)播種、施肥、短距運(yùn)輸?shù)榷鄠€(gè)方面。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 一、紅河州農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
 
  近年來(lái),云南省紅河州的農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用從最初的單純農(nóng)田植保,逐漸擴(kuò)展到作物監(jiān)測(cè)、無(wú)人機(jī)播種、施肥、短距運(yùn)輸?shù)榷鄠€(gè)方面。為了推動(dòng)農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)的發(fā)展,2021年至今,紅河州農(nóng)機(jī)管理部門(mén)利用農(nóng)機(jī)購(gòu)置與應(yīng)用補(bǔ)貼資金,共補(bǔ)貼各類(lèi)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體購(gòu)買(mǎi)大疆、極飛、極目等品牌農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)300余臺(tái),補(bǔ)貼資金271.5萬(wàn)元,執(zhí)證飛手206名。2024年上半年無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)面積111.54萬(wàn)畝次,其中:飛播面積6.22萬(wàn)畝次,植保面積86.45萬(wàn)畝次,無(wú)人機(jī)施肥面積22.94萬(wàn)畝次,按平均每畝次作業(yè)收費(fèi)20元計(jì)算,實(shí)現(xiàn)收益2230.8萬(wàn)元。隨著無(wú)人機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷成熟和成本的逐漸降低,越來(lái)越多的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體感受到無(wú)人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的優(yōu)勢(shì),嘗試使用無(wú)人機(jī)進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),取得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。目前全州有提供無(wú)人機(jī)植保、施肥等作業(yè)服務(wù)的經(jīng)營(yíng)主體50余個(gè)。
 
  二、紅河州農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的成功案例
 
  案例一:高原山地農(nóng)產(chǎn)品無(wú)人機(jī)運(yùn)輸研究。山區(qū)地區(qū)運(yùn)輸缺少交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,道路狹窄崎嶇,交通堵塞常見(jiàn),農(nóng)產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸是山區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化的痛點(diǎn)和短板,為解決這一難題,紅河州農(nóng)機(jī)部門(mén)認(rèn)真開(kāi)展無(wú)人機(jī)運(yùn)輸研究,無(wú)人機(jī)具有小型輕便、靈活、可懸停等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可以繞過(guò)地面道路的限制,避開(kāi)地形障礙,利用空中通道進(jìn)行直線距離飛行,快速運(yùn)輸,從而節(jié)約時(shí)間和能源,在山區(qū)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸中表現(xiàn)出了巨大的潛力。以香蕉運(yùn)輸為例,200米距離內(nèi),每天每架無(wú)人機(jī)可吊運(yùn)香蕉約10噸,每30公斤吊運(yùn)費(fèi)收費(fèi)7元,機(jī)手每天收入2100元,扣除成本后每架無(wú)人機(jī)每天有近千元收入,機(jī)手積極性高,對(duì)種植戶來(lái)講,對(duì)比人工幫運(yùn),每坨香蕉可減少7元磨損費(fèi),同時(shí)無(wú)人機(jī)可實(shí)現(xiàn)直接吊運(yùn)裝車(chē),效率是人工10倍以上,在香蕉大量上市季節(jié)解決用工荒的問(wèn)題,2023年在元陽(yáng)縣、金平縣、紅河縣、屏邊縣等地吊運(yùn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、物資近4000噸,既解決了種植戶用工荒、損失大的問(wèn)題,又可實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)手一機(jī)多用不閑置,收入增加,還能促進(jìn)大戶自發(fā)購(gòu)買(mǎi)無(wú)人機(jī),提高當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)機(jī)化水平,無(wú)人機(jī)短距運(yùn)輸越來(lái)越成為解決山區(qū)運(yùn)輸難題的有效途徑之一,為實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村振興提供強(qiáng)有力的裝備和技術(shù)支持。
 
  案例二:開(kāi)展梯田水稻種植“無(wú)人機(jī)+機(jī)械化”試驗(yàn)研究。紅河州水稻種植面積常年保持在120萬(wàn)畝左右,其中梯田水稻種植面積約67萬(wàn)畝,產(chǎn)量約28萬(wàn)噸,畝產(chǎn)約420公斤,占據(jù)紅河州水稻面積的半壁江山。由于梯田水稻種植區(qū)山高坡陡,田塊細(xì)碎、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)滯后,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化一直是老大難問(wèn)題。針對(duì)梯田水稻生產(chǎn)難的問(wèn)題,2021年以來(lái),紅河州農(nóng)機(jī)部門(mén)先后在金平縣、紅河縣、元陽(yáng)縣開(kāi)展試驗(yàn)研究,確立了以無(wú)人機(jī)為主、其他機(jī)械為輔的研究路線。三年來(lái),裝備從單一整田機(jī)械發(fā)展到無(wú)人機(jī)、脫粒機(jī)、軌道車(chē)、烘干機(jī)等多種農(nóng)機(jī)裝備服務(wù)生產(chǎn),技術(shù)從單一的整田技術(shù)發(fā)展到無(wú)人機(jī)水稻直播、無(wú)人機(jī)施肥、無(wú)人機(jī)植保、無(wú)人機(jī)吊運(yùn)、軌道車(chē)運(yùn)輸、機(jī)械化脫粒、機(jī)械化烘干等技術(shù)的綜合運(yùn)用,試驗(yàn)區(qū)水稻產(chǎn)量從2021年450公斤增加到2023年580公斤,已高于當(dāng)?shù)仄骄a(chǎn)量,畝均生產(chǎn)成本從2021年1300元下降到2023年900元,畝實(shí)現(xiàn)增收近400元,探索總結(jié)具有地方特點(diǎn)的“機(jī)械化整田+無(wú)人機(jī)播種+無(wú)人機(jī)管理+機(jī)械化收獲+機(jī)械化烘干”高效節(jié)本水稻生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)模式,申請(qǐng)?zhí)萏餆o(wú)人機(jī)水稻直播技術(shù)發(fā)明專(zhuān)利,填補(bǔ)梯田水稻種植無(wú)機(jī)可用的空白,從技術(shù)和裝備上提供了一套梯田水稻生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化補(bǔ)短板技術(shù)方案。
 
  案例三:紅河北部壩區(qū)水稻無(wú)人機(jī)直播種植試驗(yàn)。2020年以來(lái),州農(nóng)機(jī)推廣部門(mén)在蒙自市草壩鎮(zhèn)、石屏縣壩心鎮(zhèn)、開(kāi)遠(yuǎn)市羊街鎮(zhèn)等地連續(xù)多年開(kāi)展“無(wú)人機(jī)+機(jī)械”模式探索水稻種植試驗(yàn)。采取機(jī)械化整田-水稻無(wú)人機(jī)直播-機(jī)械化封草-無(wú)人機(jī)施肥-無(wú)人機(jī)植保-機(jī)械化收獲-機(jī)械化烘干等技術(shù)路線。采用水稻種植“無(wú)人機(jī)+機(jī)械化”高效生產(chǎn)技術(shù),可進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化升級(jí),加快農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,激活農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的后勁,節(jié)約農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本促進(jìn)農(nóng)民增收。經(jīng)對(duì)比:蒙自市平均畝增產(chǎn)81公斤,實(shí)施面積204畝(按云恢谷子均價(jià)6.5元/公斤計(jì)算),產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為10.74萬(wàn)元;石屏縣畝平均增產(chǎn)21.33公斤,實(shí)施面積102畝(按云航粳均價(jià)3.5元/公斤計(jì)算),產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為0.76萬(wàn)元;開(kāi)遠(yuǎn)市畝平均增產(chǎn)12公斤,實(shí)施面積415畝(按云恢谷子均價(jià)6.5元/公斤計(jì)算),產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為3.24萬(wàn)元。元陽(yáng)縣平均畝增產(chǎn)139.77公斤,實(shí)施面積120畝(按雜交稻均價(jià)2.5元/公斤計(jì)算),產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為4.19萬(wàn)元;四年來(lái)累計(jì)實(shí)施面積1041畝,推廣面積2.332萬(wàn)畝,累計(jì)節(jié)約生產(chǎn)成本571.34萬(wàn)元。采用水稻種植“無(wú)人機(jī)+機(jī)械化”高效生產(chǎn)技術(shù),可有效促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)增效、農(nóng)民增收,帶動(dòng)周邊農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展,有利于各地農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,提高農(nóng)民收入。技術(shù)按照綠色、無(wú)公害生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作,在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程以物理和生物防治為主,較少使用農(nóng)藥和化學(xué)物,對(duì)環(huán)境不產(chǎn)生污染。
 
  三、農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)在低空經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中面臨的困境
 
  (一)技術(shù)瓶頸限制。一是無(wú)人機(jī)續(xù)航能力有限。目前,農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)的續(xù)航時(shí)間普遍較短,作業(yè)滯空時(shí)間一般在10~15分鐘這對(duì)于大規(guī)模農(nóng)田作業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足需求。頻繁的充電和更換電池不僅增加了作業(yè)成本,還降低了作業(yè)效率。二是載重能力不足。無(wú)人機(jī)的載重能力有限,難以攜帶足夠的農(nóng)藥、種子、肥料等物資進(jìn)行大規(guī)模作業(yè)。這限制了無(wú)人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用范圍,特別是對(duì)于一些大面積、高海拔地區(qū)的農(nóng)田作業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),更是面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。三是精準(zhǔn)度有待提高。雖然無(wú)人機(jī)搭載了各種先進(jìn)的傳感器和定位系統(tǒng),但在實(shí)際作業(yè)中,其精準(zhǔn)度仍然有待提高。例如,在農(nóng)藥噴灑過(guò)程中,可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)噴灑不均勻、漏噴等情況。四是抗風(fēng)能力較弱。紅河州地處山區(qū),風(fēng)況較為復(fù)雜,無(wú)人機(jī)在飛行過(guò)程中容易受到風(fēng)的影響,導(dǎo)致飛行不穩(wěn)定,甚至出現(xiàn)墜毀等安全事故。這不僅給農(nóng)民帶來(lái)了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,也給無(wú)人機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)了負(fù)面影響。
 
  (二)人才隊(duì)伍短缺。一是專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)人才匱乏。無(wú)人機(jī)+農(nóng)業(yè)需要具備無(wú)人機(jī)操作、農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)和信息技術(shù)等多方面技能的專(zhuān)業(yè)人才。但目前紅河州這樣的人才相對(duì)短缺,難以滿足市場(chǎng)需求。一方面,高校和職業(yè)院校開(kāi)設(shè)的相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)課程較少,培養(yǎng)的人才數(shù)量有限;另一方面,企業(yè)和社會(huì)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的培訓(xùn)能力不足,難以提供高質(zhì)量的培訓(xùn)服務(wù)。二是 培訓(xùn)體系不健全。紅河州的無(wú)人機(jī)培訓(xùn)缺乏統(tǒng)一的培訓(xùn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范。目前主要依托無(wú)人機(jī)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)及經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商開(kāi)展飛手,培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容和方式單一,難以滿足學(xué)員的實(shí)際需求。此外,培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用較高,也給學(xué)員帶來(lái)了一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。
 
  (三)使用成本較高。一是 設(shè)備購(gòu)置成本高。雖然自2019年以來(lái),農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)被列入補(bǔ)貼機(jī)具以來(lái),可以享受一定程度的政府補(bǔ)貼,但高性能的無(wú)人機(jī)設(shè)備價(jià)格昂貴,對(duì)于普通農(nóng)戶來(lái)說(shuō)難以承受。特別是一些高端的無(wú)人機(jī)產(chǎn)品,價(jià)格更是高達(dá)數(shù)萬(wàn)元甚至十余萬(wàn)元。這使得很多農(nóng)民對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)望而卻步,限制了無(wú)人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的普及和應(yīng)用。二是維護(hù)成本高。無(wú)人機(jī)的維護(hù)需要專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)和設(shè)備,維護(hù)成本較高。特別是在一些偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū),由于缺乏專(zhuān)業(yè)的維修人員和設(shè)備,無(wú)人機(jī)的維修難度較大,成本也更高。此外,無(wú)人機(jī)的電池壽命較短,需要經(jīng)常更換,這也增加了使用成本。三是運(yùn)營(yíng)成本高。無(wú)人機(jī)的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本包括人員工資、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用、場(chǎng)地租賃費(fèi)用等。對(duì)于一些小規(guī)模的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)主體來(lái)說(shuō),這些運(yùn)營(yíng)成本較高,難以承受。此外,無(wú)人機(jī)的作業(yè)效率受到天氣、地形等因素的影響,也增加了運(yùn)營(yíng)成本的不確定性。
 
  (四)農(nóng)戶認(rèn)知度低。部分農(nóng)戶,特別是南部山區(qū)很多農(nóng)戶對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用了解不夠,缺乏使用無(wú)人機(jī)的積極性。他們認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式已經(jīng)足夠滿足需求,不愿意嘗試新的技術(shù)和設(shè)備。此外,一些農(nóng)戶對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)的操作和維護(hù)不熟悉,也擔(dān)心使用無(wú)人機(jī)會(huì)帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和麻煩。
 
  (五)耕地細(xì)碎影響無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)。我州大部分耕地在丘陵山區(qū),‌耕地細(xì)碎化對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)的影響較大,增加作業(yè)成本、限制了作業(yè)服務(wù)范圍,進(jìn)而阻礙“無(wú)人機(jī)+農(nóng)業(yè)”低空經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。由于土地分散,無(wú)人機(jī)需要在多個(gè)地塊之間往返作業(yè),使無(wú)人機(jī)難以統(tǒng)一投入使用,導(dǎo)致無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)服務(wù)的效率降低,影響了無(wú)人機(jī)新技術(shù)的推廣普及。
 
  五、對(duì)策建議
 
  (一)培養(yǎng)專(zhuān)業(yè)人才。一是加強(qiáng)無(wú)人機(jī)人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。州內(nèi)高校和職業(yè)院校應(yīng)開(kāi)設(shè)相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)課程,培養(yǎng)農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)人才。例如,開(kāi)設(shè)無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)、農(nóng)業(yè)信息技術(shù)、農(nóng)業(yè)工程等專(zhuān)業(yè)課程,培養(yǎng)具備無(wú)人機(jī)操作、農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)和信息技術(shù)等多方面技能的復(fù)合型人才;同時(shí),加強(qiáng)與企業(yè)的合作,開(kāi)展產(chǎn)學(xué)研一體化教學(xué),提高學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力和創(chuàng)新能力。二是 建立培訓(xùn)體系。進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)和無(wú)人機(jī)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)應(yīng)共同建立完善的無(wú)人機(jī)培訓(xùn)體系,并積極爭(zhēng)取各級(jí)財(cái)政資金用于補(bǔ)貼無(wú)人機(jī)從業(yè)人員培訓(xùn),提高從業(yè)人員的技能水平。例如,制定統(tǒng)一的培訓(xùn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范,建立培訓(xùn)基地和師資隊(duì)伍,開(kāi)展多層次、多形式的培訓(xùn)活動(dòng);同時(shí),加強(qiáng)對(duì)培訓(xùn)質(zhì)量的監(jiān)管,確保培訓(xùn)效果。
 
  (二)加大社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織建設(shè)。依托農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部和省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳關(guān)于加快培育建設(shè)區(qū)域農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)中心建設(shè)的有關(guān)政策,充分利用農(nóng)機(jī)購(gòu)置補(bǔ)貼政策,加強(qiáng)無(wú)人機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)合作社示范社建設(shè),鼓勵(lì)支持無(wú)人機(jī)服務(wù)組織申報(bào)創(chuàng)建以無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)服務(wù)為主的區(qū)域農(nóng)技服務(wù)中心和農(nóng)機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)合作社示范社。鼓勵(lì)無(wú)人機(jī)社會(huì)化服務(wù)主體通過(guò)跨區(qū)域作業(yè)、訂單作業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管等多種形式,開(kāi)展高效便捷的農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)服務(wù),促進(jìn)小農(nóng)戶與現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展有機(jī)銜接;鼓勵(lì)無(wú)人機(jī)服務(wù)主體與家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)、種植大戶、普通農(nóng)戶及農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)組建農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)聯(lián)合體,實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)具共享、互利共贏。
 
  (三)加強(qiáng)宣傳推廣。一是提高農(nóng)戶對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)的認(rèn)知度。通過(guò)利用電視、報(bào)紙、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等媒體開(kāi)展無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)的宣傳展示,提高農(nóng)戶對(duì)無(wú)人機(jī)的安全性和在農(nóng)業(yè)中的作用的認(rèn)識(shí)。二是 推廣成功案例。積極開(kāi)展無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)會(huì),邀請(qǐng)成功應(yīng)用無(wú)人機(jī)的農(nóng)戶和經(jīng)營(yíng)主體分享在農(nóng)業(yè)中的成功應(yīng)用案例,激發(fā)農(nóng)戶的使用積極性。同時(shí),通過(guò)樹(shù)立典型、表彰先進(jìn)等方式,鼓勵(lì)更多的農(nóng)戶和企業(yè)使用無(wú)人機(jī)。
 
  (四)開(kāi)展耕地宜機(jī)化改造。通過(guò)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田建設(shè),對(duì)土地進(jìn)行平整和集中連片分配,解決土地細(xì)碎化問(wèn)題。這包括將傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)田改造為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)田,保持土地承包面積不變的情況下集中連片分配土地,便于機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)和適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)。同時(shí),積極實(shí)施農(nóng)業(yè)托管項(xiàng)目,通過(guò)土地流轉(zhuǎn)和集中經(jīng)營(yíng),形成大規(guī)模的農(nóng)田經(jīng)營(yíng)主體,便于無(wú)人機(jī)作業(yè)。
 
  紅河州農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)在低空經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中前景廣闊,但也面臨著技術(shù)瓶頸、法規(guī)政策不完善、人才短缺、成本較高和農(nóng)戶認(rèn)知度低等困境。通過(guò)加強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝試驗(yàn)、培養(yǎng)專(zhuān)業(yè)人才、降低成本和加強(qiáng)宣傳推廣等措施,可以有效解決這些困境,推動(dòng)紅河州農(nóng)用無(wú)人機(jī)在低空經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展。同時(shí),成功案例也為我們提供了寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和啟示,我們將進(jìn)一步總結(jié)和推廣這些成功案例,讓更多的農(nóng)戶和企業(yè)受益于無(wú)人機(jī)技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。
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