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南方春季蔬菜生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導意見

2024-03-19 09:33:18 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心 閱讀量:16422 評論

導讀:番茄、辣椒、茄子、黃瓜、苦瓜、瓠子等喜溫果菜育苗易受低溫寒潮影響。在寒潮來臨前一周開始控水降濕并噴一次保護性殺菌劑。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 為加強南方春季在田蔬菜生產(chǎn)管理,確保春夏蔬菜有效供給,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導組、國家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系,研究提出南方春季蔬菜生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導意見。
 
  一、長江流域及以南地區(qū)大棚蔬菜
 
  (一)育苗防寒管理。番茄、辣椒、茄子、黃瓜、苦瓜、瓠子等喜溫果菜育苗易受低溫寒潮影響。在寒潮來臨前一周開始控水降濕并噴一次保護性殺菌劑。寒潮期間外膜密封,苗床內(nèi)幕早揭晚蓋,晚上加蓋草簾,防范大風及雨雪。寒潮持續(xù)時間長時,可在棚內(nèi)添置補光燈,補光增溫或提前配置地熱線加溫。遇苗期病害發(fā)生,用草木灰拌殺菌劑撒施,寒潮過后逐步通風。氣溫回升后,采用補光、噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑、減少氮肥使用等措施控制秧苗徒長。
 
  (二)適時播種定植。抓住“寒尾暖頭”,空心菜、莧菜、四季豆等葉菜和豆類蔬菜適時播種,豆類蔬菜播后要覆蓋地膜,增溫保墑防草。番茄、辣椒、茄子等茄果類蔬菜和黃瓜、苦瓜、西葫蘆等菜用瓜適時移栽定植。遇寒潮來襲,及時扣緊密封大棚,棚內(nèi)加搭小拱棚,夜間在小拱棚外加蓋草簾、遮陽網(wǎng)、無紡布等材料保溫。同時加固外層大棚設施,控水控肥,必要時在大棚內(nèi)掛補光燈、增溫塊等增溫補光。
 
  (三)嚴控溫室濕度。種植果菜的大棚空氣濕度一般控制在45%—55%,選擇棚外溫度比較高的時候進行通風換氣。用地膜全面覆蓋大棚內(nèi)土面,降低土壤水分蒸發(fā)。灌水要小水勤澆,嚴格控制灌溉量,提倡安裝應用滴灌系統(tǒng)。盡量少使用水劑進行病蟲防治,優(yōu)先選用煙霧劑、微粉劑等農(nóng)藥劑型,通過煙霧機、彌粉機等設備施藥,避免提高空氣濕度。
 
  (四)注重合理施肥。按照“控制氮肥用量、增加鉀肥用量”、“少量多次、薄肥勤施”等原則進行施肥,適時增施硼、鎂、鐵等中微量元素。茄果類蔬菜植株生長過旺時,應增大設施內(nèi)晝夜溫差,適當減少氮肥用量,增加磷鉀肥用量。應用吊袋式二氧化碳氣肥、二氧化碳發(fā)生器等方法提高棚內(nèi)二氧化碳濃度。
 
  (五)加強病蟲防治。及時整枝打叉,摘除植株下部的老、黃、病、弱葉。使用黃板誘殺蚜蟲、白粉虱和斑潛蠅等害蟲,藍板誘殺薊馬,性誘劑誘殺夜蛾、菜蛾等害蟲,必要時使用高效低毒低殘留農(nóng)藥進行化學防治。大棚綠葉類蔬菜,寒潮來臨前及時采收,控水降濕,可噴灑一次保護性殺菌劑,盡量使用煙熏劑防止霜霉、灰霉等葉部病害發(fā)生。
 
  二、長江流域及以南地區(qū)露地蔬菜
 
  (一)適時采收。露地春甘藍、春大白菜、春萵苣和小白菜、紅菜苔、大蒜苗、香蔥、韭菜等早春蔬菜量大面廣,為防止裂球抽薹并為后茬作物盡早騰地,待價格適宜時,及時采收上市。
 
  (二)及時播種。3—4月及時安排春季露地蔬菜播種定植。做好前茬作物清園,施用充分腐熟有機肥,采用深溝高畦方式翻耕整廂,鋪設地膜增溫保墑防草。豇豆、四季豆、毛豆等宜播后覆膜,破土出苗后及時破膜封土。茄果類、瓜類幼苗選晴天覆膜后移栽,寬行密植,適量澆水,及時補苗。
 
  (三)平衡施肥。合理確定基肥、追肥比例,按蔬菜種類不同分期控氮,磷肥以基肥為主,占比為3/5至2/3,氮、鉀基肥占比為1/5至1/3。配合施用鈣肥或含鈣磷肥。
 
  (四)病蟲防控。合理運用物理、生物、化學方式防治病蟲害,噴藥時加入適量葉面肥,增強植株抗性,促進恢復生長。及時甄別因春季冷暖交替頻繁或肥藥施用不當導致的生理性病害,對癥采取措施緩解病情。
 
  三、華南和西南熱區(qū)蔬菜
 
  (一)在園蔬菜綜合管護。隨著氣溫上升,根據(jù)作物種類,加強肥水管理,通過噴淋、微噴或滴灌等方式平衡施肥,促進植株快速生長。海南等地部分蔬菜開始進入中后期,應加強肥水管理,避免早衰。仍處于上市高峰期的蔬菜,要搶抓時間上市,盡量避免與其他熱區(qū)集中上市蔬菜重疊。科學處理尾菜、藤蔓等廢棄物,及時清潔田園,需要種植夏茬蔬菜的地塊盡早翻曬,做好準備。
 
  (二)培育下茬蔬菜壯苗。果菜可采用穴盤輕基質(zhì)育苗技術(shù),葉菜可采用漂浮育苗技術(shù),保持適當育苗密度。加強育苗場溫濕度管理,密切關(guān)注天氣預報,防止幼苗受到春季倒春寒影響,加強通風除濕,預防苗期病害。在育苗設施風口處安裝防蟲網(wǎng)阻隔害蟲。隨著溫度升高,采用補光、噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑等措施防止秧苗徒長。
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