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農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣典型案例之補短板 促全程 推進雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)機械化全程全面發(fā)展

2023-11-15 09:44:10 來源:建寧縣農(nóng)機中心 閱讀量:20365 評論

導(dǎo)讀:建寧縣通過推廣制種母本機插技術(shù)和種子機械烘干技術(shù),補齊了雜交水稻制種機械化生產(chǎn)短板,推進雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)機械化全程全面發(fā)展。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】建寧縣是全國最大的國家級雜交水稻制種基地縣,縣域內(nèi)雜交水稻制種面積常年穩(wěn)定在15萬畝左右。該縣通過推廣制種母本機插技術(shù)和種子機械烘干技術(shù),補齊了雜交水稻制種機械化生產(chǎn)短板,推進雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)機械化全程全面發(fā)展。
 
  一、基本情況
 
  建寧縣農(nóng)機推廣機構(gòu)由建寧縣農(nóng)業(yè)機械推廣中心(正科級)和建寧縣農(nóng)業(yè)機械服務(wù)中心(股級)兩個農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局下屬事業(yè)單位組成,共有人員編制9人,主要負(fù)責(zé)縣域內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)機械新技術(shù)的試驗、示范、推廣和培訓(xùn)工作,制定全縣各項農(nóng)機化工作指導(dǎo)性指標(biāo)和農(nóng)機購機補貼政策并組織實施。建寧縣是全國最大的國家級雜交水稻制種基地縣,縣域內(nèi)雜交水稻制種面積常年穩(wěn)定在15萬畝左右,年產(chǎn)雜交水稻種子約3.5萬噸,制種面積和產(chǎn)量均占全國的10%左右。近年來建寧縣全面推進雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)全程機械化,在耕、防、收、選等機械化水平較高的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)大力推廣大中型、高效綠色環(huán)保機具,促進裝備轉(zhuǎn)型升級;在種植和烘干兩個機械化生產(chǎn)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)不斷引進新機具、新技術(shù)進行試驗示范推廣,補齊機械化生產(chǎn)短板,推進雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)機械化全程全面高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
 
  二、主要做法
 
  (一)敢于探索創(chuàng)新,著力研發(fā)試驗
 
  與傳統(tǒng)的人工移栽相比,機械插秧存在育秧工序繁瑣、物耗成本高等特點;與普通水稻種植相比,雜交水稻制種機插還需考慮父母本花期錯期問題、父母本分開種植造成的無適插機型問題等。為了解決這些難題,2011年建寧縣引進了首臺寧波協(xié)力生產(chǎn)的XL2Z-10型插秧機進行試驗示范,并在試驗過程中不斷提出改進方案以適應(yīng)雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)農(nóng)藝要求,2013年該企業(yè)研發(fā)出制種母本專用的XL2Z-8型獨輪乘坐式插秧機,該機具的投入使用解決了制種母本無機可用的現(xiàn)象,推動了該縣母本機插的快速發(fā)展。2019年為了進一步提高機械插秧效率,該縣農(nóng)機部門與浙江星萊和有限公司協(xié)作配合,研發(fā)出星月神2ZG-8SJ型母本專用高速插秧機,與XL2Z-8型獨輪乘坐式插秧機相比,該款機具效率提高了一倍以上,解決了農(nóng)忙時節(jié)規(guī)?;?a href="http://qktnz.cn/chanpin-6837.html" target="_blank">種植機插時效性問題。
 
5寸8行母本專用插秧機
 
6寸8行母本專用插秧機
 
父母本同步機插(7寸7行高速插秧機)
 
  隨著規(guī)?;?jīng)營和機械化收獲水平的迅速提高,種子的收獲期逐漸縮短,短時間內(nèi)收獲的大量種子光靠傳統(tǒng)的人工晾曬顯然是不現(xiàn)實的。且人工晾曬不僅耗時費力,還受自然天氣的影響較大,遇到陰雨等惡劣天氣時容易造成種子堆漚發(fā)霉,影響種子質(zhì)量和發(fā)芽率。為了解決這一問題,2014年該縣農(nóng)機部門引導(dǎo)技術(shù)力量較強的合作社引進普通谷物烘干機,開展種子烘干試驗示范。2016年該縣通過對分布在全縣各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、村的烤煙房進行改造,示范推廣利用烤煙房兼烘干種子技術(shù),取得了種子烘干技術(shù)新的突破。2019年為了解決循環(huán)式谷物烘干機破碎率高、出糧不干凈,密集式烤煙房烘干種子自動化程度低等問題,該縣積極聯(lián)合平床式谷物烘干機生產(chǎn)企業(yè),對該企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的平床式谷物烘干機進行改良升級,研發(fā)了自裝卸靜態(tài)臥式烘干機并取得實用新型專利,該機具出糧干凈、不易混種,非常適用于種子烘干,深受制種戶喜愛,得到了有力推廣。
 
烤煙房改造
 
  (二)農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合,著力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)
 
  在母本插秧技術(shù)試驗示范過程中,該縣積極與福建省農(nóng)科院水稻所密切協(xié)作,對雜交水稻播種期、播種量、適插秧齡、適插機型、取秧量、插植深度、插植密度等農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝技術(shù)進行聯(lián)合攻關(guān),經(jīng)過多年的優(yōu)化和提升,形成一套比較完備的技術(shù)體系。2019年以來雜交水稻制種母本機插技術(shù)多次列入福建省農(nóng)業(yè)主推技術(shù)目錄。
 
  在市場上尚無種子專用烘干機可用的情況下,2014年該縣農(nóng)機部門引導(dǎo)技術(shù)力量較強的合作社引進普通谷物烘干機,開展種子烘干試驗示范,并通過烘干溫度調(diào)節(jié)、烘干時長控制等環(huán)節(jié)試驗示范,摸索出種子烘干技術(shù)路線,為烘干技術(shù)在種子產(chǎn)業(yè)的推廣應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。2016年通過農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合總結(jié)出密集烤房干燥水稻種子技術(shù),該項技術(shù)也多次列入福建省農(nóng)業(yè)主推技術(shù)目錄。
 
  (三)政策扶持助力,著力提升服務(wù)
 
  為了推進母本機插技術(shù)的推廣,試驗示范初期建寧縣對示范戶給予免費提供秧盤、免費提供作業(yè)服務(wù)、免費疊加一份水稻保險等優(yōu)惠政策,并對購買獨輪乘坐式母本專用插秧機的農(nóng)戶給予1500元/臺的累加補貼,對率先引進高速插秧機進行試驗示范的三個合作社給予20000元/臺累加補貼。在農(nóng)業(yè)項目資金利用上也重點向機插秧推廣傾斜,在2016-2018年實施的5個水稻生產(chǎn)全程機械化示范基地建設(shè)項目中,要求母本機插率達(dá)到100%,在糧食產(chǎn)能攻關(guān)、社會化服務(wù)體系等項目建設(shè)中,母本機插都排在首位,給予50-80元/畝的補助,通過這些政策的有力推動,建寧縣雜交水稻制種母本機插技術(shù)得到廣泛推廣運用。
 
  為鼓勵制種戶推廣使用密集式烤房烘干種子,建寧縣政府制定了推廣密集式烤房種子烘干技術(shù)資金補助實施方案,對已有烤煙房改造加裝密集式烤房種子烘干器的示范戶給予1000元/座的資金補助,對新建的谷物烘干床給予2萬元/座的資金補助。2020年以來,該縣充分利用種業(yè)發(fā)展專項資金,在全縣范圍內(nèi)開展制種全程機械化服務(wù)示范點建設(shè),對綠色高效智能創(chuàng)新型種子生產(chǎn)機具給予購機補助,大力推廣自動化程度較高的自裝卸靜態(tài)臥式烘干機,進一步推進種子烘干機械化的發(fā)展。
 
自裝卸靜態(tài)臥式烘干機
 
  三、取得成效
 
  通過對母本機插技術(shù)、種子機械烘干技術(shù)的推廣,補齊了雜交水稻制種生產(chǎn)機械化短板,2020年1月,建寧縣被農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部認(rèn)定為全國第四批率先基本實現(xiàn)主要農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機械化示范縣。2022年全縣雜交水稻耕種收綜合機械化水平達(dá)到82.5%,其中薄弱環(huán)節(jié)機械種植率達(dá)到51.5%,機械烘干率超過80%,為制種產(chǎn)業(yè)的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展提供了有力支撐。
 
  (一)機插技術(shù)推廣增效益
 
  該縣目前共推廣母本插秧機476臺,與傳統(tǒng)的手插相比,母本機插節(jié)本增效約150元/畝,近年來全縣推廣母本機插面積15萬畝,共節(jié)本增效2250萬元。而母本機插技術(shù)的推廣有力的促進了制種面積的向外擴張,據(jù)統(tǒng)計目前該縣農(nóng)戶外出承包耕地制種面積每年20萬畝以上,推進國家種業(yè)進一步發(fā)展。
 
  (二)烘干技術(shù)推廣解難題
 
  該縣目前共擁有各類平床式烘干機(含自裝卸靜態(tài)臥式烘干機)141臺套,建立了20臺套以上烘干中心5個,這些烘干中心烘干噸位大,適合為制種大戶、種業(yè)公司及周邊制種戶開展烘干服務(wù);而改造的2600多座密集式烤煙房主要分布在全縣各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、村,方便農(nóng)戶就近烘干,減少了運輸時間及成本,適合為附近小規(guī)模制種戶提供烘干服務(wù)。全縣基本形成了規(guī)模烘干以合作社烘干機群為主、小規(guī)模烘干以密集式烤煙房為主的格局。經(jīng)測算目前全縣烘干能力已達(dá)到378%,不僅可以滿足本縣煙葉、稻種烘干的需求,還可以利用農(nóng)時季節(jié)差,為鄰近的市縣制種戶提供烘干服務(wù),既減少了制種戶損失,又提高機具利用率增加收入。
 
  四、經(jīng)驗啟示
 
  (一)創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動是根本
 
  鑒于雜交水稻制種產(chǎn)業(yè)獨特的栽培模式,在育插秧和烘干兩個環(huán)節(jié)與普通的水稻生產(chǎn)相比有較大的差異性,對作業(yè)機型的要求較為特殊。在沒有可用的機具及技術(shù)路線情況下,該縣敢于創(chuàng)新,不斷試驗示范新機具新技術(shù),總結(jié)出可推廣的技術(shù)路線,補齊了短板,促進雜交水稻制種全程機械化發(fā)展。
 
  (二)示范引領(lǐng)是關(guān)鍵
 
  在新機具新技術(shù)推廣過程中,該縣對當(dāng)?shù)赜杏绊懥Φ霓r(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社進行分類指導(dǎo)、側(cè)重點培育,充分發(fā)揮各合作社自身技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,建立典型示范片、示范點,并通過召開現(xiàn)場觀摩演示會、培訓(xùn)會等形式,做給農(nóng)民看,領(lǐng)著農(nóng)民干,以點帶面促進新機具新技術(shù)推廣。
 
  (三)政策扶持是保障
 
  每項新機具新技術(shù)的推廣,都需要政策資金扶持推動,該縣在示范推廣過程中,制定了一系列扶持政策,爭取一切可利用的項目資金,為新機具新技術(shù)的推廣提供有力保障。
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