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農(nóng)機智能化是中國農(nóng)機產(chǎn)業(yè)升級的突破口

———寧學貴在工信部無人農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)試點現(xiàn)場推進會上的報告
2020-10-22 08:36:20 來源:中國農(nóng)機工業(yè)網(wǎng) 作者:寧學貴 閱讀量:17440 評論

導讀:目前,北斗導航裝置已經(jīng)成為大中型動力農(nóng)機(拖拉機、收獲機、植保機等)的標準前裝配置。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 市場行情】 “十三五”期間,我國農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品智能化有了很大的進步和發(fā)展,取得了顯著的成效。表現(xiàn)為突出的有三個領域:
 
  一、農(nóng)機具作業(yè)質(zhì)量和作業(yè)效率的動態(tài)監(jiān)管。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部對深松作業(yè)、秸稈打包離田等給予財政作業(yè)補貼。為了對深松深度、深松面積、打捆數(shù)量等進行有效考核和監(jiān)管,遏制和杜絕套補和騙補財政資金的行為,在深松機、打捆機等農(nóng)機具上廣泛使用了智能監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)。該技術的實施,一是促進了農(nóng)機傳感器、控制器等產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化;二是加快了農(nóng)機化生產(chǎn)管理平臺的建立和使用,吉林省、黑龍江省、建三江農(nóng)場等部門的管理平臺都運營的比較好。另外從事無人植保飛機、精密播種、谷物烘干等農(nóng)機企業(yè)也紛紛開發(fā)智能管理APP,提高了農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品的智能化和服務水平,提高了企業(yè)市場競爭能力。
 
  二、北斗導航在農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品的應用。近三年農(nóng)機企業(yè)借力國家軍民產(chǎn)業(yè)融合政策,廣泛應用導航技術和產(chǎn)品,農(nóng)機導航技術應用發(fā)展地非常快。目前,北斗導航裝置已經(jīng)成為大中型動力農(nóng)機(拖拉機、收獲機、植保機等)的標準前裝配置。北斗導航精準定位技術在農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品的應用發(fā)展如此之快,是因為這項技術不僅為農(nóng)機使用者、管理者帶來了方便,也為農(nóng)機制造企業(yè)帶來了極大的收益,其實用價值得到青睞。1)我國農(nóng)機實施“三包”服務,精準定位讓企業(yè)服務非常便捷、及時、高效,大大降低了”三包”服務費用;2)位置服務為跨區(qū)作業(yè)機具和機手及時提供供需信息,提升了機器的作業(yè)能力;3)北斗導航農(nóng)機能保障精準作業(yè),如新疆棉花播種、中耕、收獲各個環(huán)節(jié)借助北斗導航技術,提高了生產(chǎn)效率,為用戶所接受和贊譽。
 
  三、自動駕駛技術的推廣。東風井關、蘇州久富等企業(yè)在建三江農(nóng)場等地進行插秧無人化的試驗和示范,有了比較好的進展。今年東北插秧機機手的費用每人每天700元,人工成本上升很明顯。無人插秧實現(xiàn)了無人化或少人化,社會效益和經(jīng)濟效益都非常顯著。黑龍江、內(nèi)蒙古、江蘇等地也在積極進行無人農(nóng)場、農(nóng)機無人作業(yè)的試驗工作。
 
  我國農(nóng)機工業(yè)正在進入高質(zhì)量的發(fā)展階段。目前,我國農(nóng)機重點突破瓶頸有三個方面:一是提升農(nóng)機可靠性,二是提升農(nóng)機作業(yè)效率,三是提升綠色節(jié)能水平,這些都要依賴農(nóng)機的智能化才能實現(xiàn),也只有不斷提高農(nóng)機智能化才能事半功倍。因此,“十四五”農(nóng)機工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級的重點是智能化技術的研發(fā)和廣泛應用。
 
  農(nóng)機智能化推進時不我待,除了市場迫切需求、政策大力支持外,還恰逢一個難得的發(fā)展機遇。國家實施發(fā)動機國Ⅳ排放升級對農(nóng)機智能化技術進步具有積極的、現(xiàn)實的意義。大數(shù)據(jù)管理平臺,使農(nóng)機排放監(jiān)管從樣機管理升華到行業(yè)監(jiān)控,精準定位、位置上傳才能實現(xiàn)標準配置。國Ⅳ升級后大部分使用柴油機的農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品都必須強制性地安裝和使用導航系統(tǒng),位置上傳和定位服務為農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品智能化提供了支撐,這是有力的政策引導和政府支持。國Ⅳ排放發(fā)動機ECU通過程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)數(shù)字化的精確控制,讓農(nóng)機手和拖拉機、拖拉機和農(nóng)具 “對話”、信息反饋協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)力。中國農(nóng)機工業(yè)協(xié)會呼吁要借力國Ⅳ排放升級,加快推進我國農(nóng)機智能化技術進步和產(chǎn)業(yè)化。
 
  國產(chǎn)拖拉機產(chǎn)業(yè)化步伐加快。中國一拖、雷沃重工、常州東風等企業(yè)經(jīng)過數(shù)年的研發(fā)攻關,動力換擋拖拉機、無級變速拖拉機將陸續(xù)進入市場。山東雷沃傳動公司用于收獲機的HMT無級變速箱、浙江海天公司拖拉機全動力換擋變速箱、北京博創(chuàng)聯(lián)動公司電控轉(zhuǎn)向器等智能化產(chǎn)品的研究開發(fā)都取得了突破。國產(chǎn)新能源動力拖拉機的研發(fā)也在抓緊推進。電動拖拉機不僅可以電機驅(qū)動和控制,還能為后懸掛或牽引的播種機等機具供應電力,讓電驅(qū)精密排種等先進技術得以實現(xiàn)。
 
  農(nóng)機智能化產(chǎn)業(yè)升級“十四五”期間重點要突破的工作有三個方面:第一,核心技術和基礎部件的突破。目前國產(chǎn)農(nóng)機專用傳感器、控制器、數(shù)字底盤、總線技術等還非常薄弱。農(nóng)村農(nóng)田地面基站不足,農(nóng)機精密播種導航需要的通訊網(wǎng)絡還不能全覆蓋,尤其是田間地頭存在信號盲區(qū)。第二,標準制定和宣貫。智能化產(chǎn)品所需的數(shù)據(jù)交互接口、通訊協(xié)議與數(shù)據(jù)格式、無人作業(yè)質(zhì)量評價體系等等都還缺少,一些標準的起草還缺乏檢測能力和實驗數(shù)據(jù)。協(xié)會要組織和協(xié)調(diào)農(nóng)機企業(yè),加快團體標準的起草、審定、發(fā)布等工作。第三、行業(yè)大數(shù)據(jù)平臺的建設。智能化需要數(shù)據(jù)的有效傳遞和積累應用,國Ⅳ排放監(jiān)管、農(nóng)機化作業(yè)管理、農(nóng)機導航作業(yè)、企業(yè)農(nóng)機后市場智能服務等等都需要安全的、的大數(shù)據(jù)平臺。中國農(nóng)機企業(yè)多,產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度有限,企業(yè)自身平臺建設資源有局限性、應用有排他性。中國農(nóng)機工業(yè)協(xié)會已經(jīng)與政府管理部門、農(nóng)機制造企業(yè)、中國科學院等單位合作推動和促進數(shù)據(jù)大平臺的建設工作,期望提供面向行業(yè)的智能數(shù)據(jù)服務平臺,以解決農(nóng)機智能化發(fā)展的重大瓶頸。
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