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“紅水澆地”引熱議，是誰污染了農(nóng)業(yè)用水？

2018-04-08 16:28:48 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：51696 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：近日，一段農(nóng)民用紅色水澆地的視頻在網(wǎng)上熱傳，引發(fā)了社會(huì)關(guān)注。視頻中，一口水井不斷地向外泛出紅色的井水，井水沿著溝渠流進(jìn)了周圍的麥地，而此時(shí)正值忙碌的春耕時(shí)節(jié)，不少農(nóng)民正使用這些紅水澆灌農(nóng)田。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 近日，一段農(nóng)民用紅色水澆地的視頻在網(wǎng)上熱傳，引發(fā)了社會(huì)關(guān)注。視頻中，一口水井不斷地向外泛出紅色的井水，井水沿著溝渠流進(jìn)了周圍的麥地，而此時(shí)正值忙碌的春耕時(shí)節(jié)，不少農(nóng)民正使用這些紅水澆灌農(nóng)田。據(jù)了解，這口水井位于河北邢臺(tái)市寧晉縣南丁曹一村，是附近一化工企業(yè)利用滲坑排放有害物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致井水變紅。目前，該企業(yè)已被限令停產(chǎn)，相關(guān)涉案人員已歸案。
 
        農(nóng)業(yè)用水是被誰污染的？
 
　　筆者了解到，上文提到的滲坑又叫滲井，是挖在地面以下用來排除地面積水或管道污水的坑，導(dǎo)入坑中的水通過坑底和坑壁滲入土壤，如果是工業(yè)廢水，極易造成地下水污染。部分中小型工業(yè)企業(yè)為了降低生產(chǎn)成本，不顧環(huán)境污染，將產(chǎn)生的廢水未加處理通過滲井、滲坑違法向地下排放，直接污染地下水。
 
　　除工業(yè)污染外，農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染也是造成地下水污染的重要因素。據(jù)了解，2017年我國的化肥和農(nóng)藥利用率僅為37.8%和38.8%，遠(yuǎn)低于歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國家。過量施用的化肥和農(nóng)藥在降水或灌溉過程中，通過農(nóng)田地表徑流、排水和地下滲漏，大量進(jìn)入土壤和地下水從而造成污染。
 
　　許多地區(qū)被嚴(yán)重污染的地下水已不適宜人類接觸，更不用說飲用和灌溉，尤其在農(nóng)業(yè)大省，如果發(fā)生地下水污染，會(huì)對(duì)農(nóng)作物生長、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)帶來嚴(yán)重影響。
 
　　水污染對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)有什么危害？
 
　　水資源受到污染之后不僅使農(nóng)業(yè)可利用水資源變少，而且從各種途徑對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生影響，包括直接影響農(nóng)作物本身生長、污染土壤從而間接影響農(nóng)作物生長、對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)造成影響從而產(chǎn)生食品安全問題，間接影響人畜健康等。具體包括：
 
　　1、重金屬的危害
 
　　各種金屬礦山、冶煉廠、電鍍廠等的廢水中，含有銅、鋅、鎘、鎳等重金屬或砷及其它元素，這些廢水不僅對(duì)植物的生長造成影響，還通過食物鏈在人體內(nèi)富集，引發(fā)癌癥和其他疾病。由重金屬引起的受害事故較多，引起了相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的公害問題。
 
　　2、氮過量危害
 
　　作物生育必須吸收大量氮素，但灌溉水中若含氮過多，可造成作物的營養(yǎng)失調(diào)，導(dǎo)致徒長、倒伏，抗逆性差，易發(fā)生病害，成熟不良等問題，從而使作物減產(chǎn)，品質(zhì)惡化。
 
　　3、鹽分的危害
 
　　含鹽量高的各種廢水會(huì)對(duì)水稻造成嚴(yán)重危害，能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)使水稻全部葉子失水干枯致死。
 
　　4、酸堿危害
 
　　各種工業(yè)企業(yè)的排水，常含較強(qiáng)的酸性或堿性，如造紙廠的廢水堿性很強(qiáng)，硫化物礦排水，水泥、水壩施工現(xiàn)場排水等均含大量的酸、堿。這些有害物質(zhì)會(huì)抑制農(nóng)作物生長，導(dǎo)致營養(yǎng)缺乏癥狀發(fā)生，從而使農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)。
 
　　減量農(nóng)藥化肥 還原“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”
 
　　水污染對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)來說具有巨大的危害，我國不僅需要杜絕工業(yè)用水污染，積極進(jìn)行工業(yè)廢水的處理，同時(shí)，減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源方面的水污染，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)方面水污染的治理也至關(guān)重要。有專家指出，站在農(nóng)業(yè)角度，實(shí)施化肥農(nóng)藥減量提效、推廣節(jié)水灌溉迫在眉睫。
 
　　自農(nóng)業(yè)部大力開展化肥農(nóng)藥使用量零增長行動(dòng)以來，目前我國已提前實(shí)現(xiàn)了到2020年化肥農(nóng)藥零增長目標(biāo)。結(jié)合我國當(dāng)前水污染、土壤污染現(xiàn)狀，接下來進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)化肥農(nóng)藥減量增效、實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色興農(nóng)是主要任務(wù)。
 
　　在減少污染的同時(shí)，節(jié)約農(nóng)業(yè)用水同樣重要。農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉方面，相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的粗放型大水漫灌，節(jié)水灌溉不僅可以節(jié)約用地、使農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)，更能大大提高水資源利用率。因此大力推廣節(jié)水灌溉，全面提高農(nóng)業(yè)用水效率和效益，不僅能緩解我國目前水資源緊張問題，更能促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

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