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將節(jié)水灌溉做到 還需多方合作

2017-09-27 14:24:32 來源：中國農機網 閱讀量：52436 評論

導讀：“讓沙漠開滿鮮花”是以色列人創(chuàng)造的農業(yè)神話，地處沙漠地帶的以色列耕地和淡水資源都不豐富，但就是這樣惡劣的條件，以色列人偏不服，喊出了“沒有糧食就沒有獨立的口號”。在建國初期，他們憑借一雙手造出了以色列人近10倍的人口所需的口糧?！爸灰o我們一碗水，一顆種子，這個民族就能生存！”這是以色列開國總統(tǒng)魏茨曼的名言。魏茨曼的底氣和自信的從何而來？是以色列高度發(fā)達、世界的農業(yè)。

　　【中國農機網 本站原創(chuàng)】“讓沙漠開滿鮮花”是以色列人創(chuàng)造的農業(yè)神話，地處沙漠地帶的以色列耕地和淡水資源都不豐富，但就是這樣惡劣的條件，以色列人偏不服，喊出了“沒有糧食就沒有獨立的口號”。在建國初期，他們憑借一雙手造出了以色列人近10倍的人口所需的口糧。“只要給我們一碗水，一顆種子，這個民族就能生存！”這是以色列開國總統(tǒng)魏茨曼的名言。魏茨曼的底氣和自信的從何而來？是以色列高度發(fā)達、世界的農業(yè)。
 
　　現(xiàn)代農業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開科學技術的支持。以色列是一個發(fā)達的資本主義國家，對科技的貢獻非常大。自建國以來，一直致力于科學研發(fā)，研發(fā)產業(yè)中農業(yè)可謂是非常的一項，而滴灌技術則是以色列廣為人知的農業(yè)技術，它不僅改變了以色列的農業(yè)，也改變了*農業(yè)的灌溉方式。
 
　　傳統(tǒng)的滴灌是利用塑料管道將水通過直徑約10mm毛管上的孔口或滴頭送到作物根部進行局部灌溉，而以色列則在其中加入了高科技。例如噴嘴，首先它由電腦控制，依據傳感器傳回的土壤數據，決定澆灌的時間和澆灌量，在絕不浪費水資源的同時保證作物生長的需要。其次，為防止作物的根系生長堵塞噴嘴，噴洞周圍涂抹專門的藥劑，抑制周邊一個極小范圍內的根系生產。再次，為防止不噴水時土壤自然陷落堵塞噴嘴，需要在噴水系統(tǒng)中平行布置一個充氣系統(tǒng)，灌溉完畢后即刻充氣防堵。
 
　　僅僅是一個簡單的灌溉技術，以色列人卻在技術和細節(jié)上做得更加細致，農民面朝黃土背朝天澆灌土地的景象早已遠去，而我國直到20世紀70年代中期才開始引進以色列的灌溉技術。
 
　　我國是一個水資源極其貧乏的國家，作為一個農業(yè)大國，水資源的短缺對我國的農業(yè)發(fā)展產生了極大的威脅，節(jié)水灌溉技術的應用可有效緩解水資源缺乏的窘況。20 世紀 70 年代中期到 80 年代后期是我國節(jié)水灌溉行業(yè)的起步階段，我國政府開始從歐美、以色列等發(fā)達國家引進噴灌、微灌、滴灌技術和這一類灌溉系列的生產設備，并用 10 多年時間在國內進行相關實驗、研發(fā)和示范推廣。我國的滴灌技術應用發(fā)達的時期是20世紀90年代，在發(fā)展了20年之后，現(xiàn)在已經和較先起步的噴灌技術水平持平。
 
　　從歷史狀況來看，以色列的農業(yè)灌溉方式一直是走在世界前列的，而我國由于節(jié)水意識較落后，加之設施和技術水平有限，導致農業(yè)灌溉用水的利用率低下。而農業(yè)作為我國的支柱性產業(yè)，在國家的經濟發(fā)展中占據重要。業(yè)內指出，發(fā)展節(jié)水灌溉必須要求水利、農業(yè)、農機、農藝等各項農業(yè)生產要素結合，工程、信息化等措施并舉才能取得事半功倍的效果?，F(xiàn)階段，我國正面臨著嚴重水資源缺乏的現(xiàn)狀，國家應該大力支持節(jié)水灌溉技術，使我國的農業(yè)技術也能如以色列一樣做到，促使我國農業(yè)發(fā)展變得更加強大。
 
　　中國農機網原創(chuàng)，轉載請注明出處！
 
　　部分資料來源：中國產業(yè)信息網、知乎
 
　　圖片來源：攝圖網

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