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水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展：從農(nóng)業(yè)用水出發(fā)，緩解供需矛盾

2019-07-18 17:06:30 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：49208 評論

導(dǎo)讀：近日，水利部發(fā)布了2018年度《中國水資源公報》，2018年水資源總量與多年平均值基本持平，全國用水總量6015.5億m3，較2017年減少27.9億m3，用水效率進(jìn)一步提升，供用水結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化。其中，農(nóng)業(yè)用水3693.1億m3，占用水總量的61.4%。耕地實(shí)際灌溉畝均用水量365m3，農(nóng)田灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)0.554。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】近日，水利部發(fā)布了2018年度《中國水資源公報》，2018年水資源總量與多年平均值基本持平，全國用水總量6015.5億m3，較2017年減少27.9億m3，用水效率進(jìn)一步提升，供用水結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化。其中，農(nóng)業(yè)用水3693.1億m3，占用水總量的61.4%。耕地實(shí)際灌溉畝均用水量365m3，農(nóng)田灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)0.554。
 
　　都說“中國以占6%的淡水資源、9%的耕地，養(yǎng)活了21%的人口”，如何提高農(nóng)業(yè)用水效率，緩解日益尖銳的水資源供需矛盾一直是亟待解決的難題。作為傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)大國，農(nóng)業(yè)一直是用水大戶，也是水資源浪費(fèi)的重要存在，尤其是灌溉用水方面，在我國“土渠輸水、大水漫灌”的農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉方式仍在普遍沿用，農(nóng)田灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)較低。
 
　　牽住農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水工作的“牛鼻子”：農(nóng)業(yè)水價綜合改革
 
　　我國農(nóng)業(yè)用水有效利用率低，同時折射出我國節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展空間還很大。事關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和國家水安全，牽住農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水工作的“牛鼻子”——推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)水價綜合改革，建立健全農(nóng)業(yè)水價形成機(jī)制迫在眉睫。
 
　　2017年國家發(fā)展改革委等五部門聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于扎實(shí)推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)用水價格改革的通知》，2018年國家發(fā)展改革委等四部門又聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于加大力度推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)水價綜合改革工作的通知》，要求充分發(fā)揮好典型示范作用，進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大改革實(shí)施范圍。
 
　　主要改革內(nèi)容包括：地區(qū)不同，水價不同；用途不用，水價不同；水價進(jìn)階有階梯，因地制宜探索實(shí)行兩部制水價和季節(jié)水價制度；農(nóng)業(yè)定額，定額內(nèi)用水的提價部分由財政給予補(bǔ)貼；農(nóng)業(yè)用水主體劃分，灌溉用水定額指標(biāo)細(xì)化分解到各個用水主體。
 
　　具備條件的省份在全省范圍內(nèi)推開，北京、上海、江蘇、浙江等經(jīng)濟(jì)較為發(fā)達(dá)、工程基礎(chǔ)較好、群眾水商品意識較強(qiáng)的省份，在全省(市)范圍全面推進(jìn)改革，力爭2020年底前完成改革任務(wù)。從2020年開始，國家對農(nóng)業(yè)用水收費(fèi)工作將會在全國實(shí)行，對農(nóng)業(yè)用水將實(shí)行“一泵一表，一戶一卡，先繳費(fèi)，后用水”的原則，少用水有補(bǔ)貼拿，多用水要額外增加費(fèi)用。
 
　　促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)用水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展：農(nóng)村生活污水處理
 
　　推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)水價綜合改革以綜合手段提升農(nóng)業(yè)用水效率，減少農(nóng)業(yè)用水總量和強(qiáng)度，緩解我國用水緊張的態(tài)勢，保障國家水安全。另外，我們也不能忽視農(nóng)業(yè)水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展的另一個重要環(huán)節(jié)：農(nóng)村生活污水處理。
 
　　目前來看，國內(nèi)農(nóng)村生活污水處理尚未形成完善的體系，生活污水排放較為隨意。而未經(jīng)治理的污水流經(jīng)湖泊、池塘等地表水體，將會進(jìn)一步污染其他水源，威脅農(nóng)業(yè)用水資源的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。同時，還極易造成各類地區(qū)污染病、人畜共患病及地方病的流行與傳播，危害人類身體健康。
 
　　近日，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、生態(tài)環(huán)境部、水利部等九部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《關(guān)于推進(jìn)農(nóng)村生活污水治理的指導(dǎo)意見》，按照因地制宜、注重實(shí)效；先易后難，梯次推進(jìn)；政府主導(dǎo)、社會參與；生態(tài)為本、綠色發(fā)展的原則，立足農(nóng)村實(shí)際，以污水減量化、分類就地處理、循環(huán)利用為導(dǎo)向，要求到2020年，東部地區(qū)、中西部城市近郊區(qū)等有基礎(chǔ)、有條件的地區(qū)，農(nóng)村生活污水治理率明顯提高，村莊內(nèi)污水橫流、亂排亂放情況基本消除，運(yùn)維管護(hù)機(jī)制基本建立；中西部有較好基礎(chǔ)、基本具備條件的地區(qū)，農(nóng)村生活污水亂排亂放得到有效管控，治理初見成效；地處偏遠(yuǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)等地區(qū)，農(nóng)村生活污水亂排亂放現(xiàn)象明顯減少。
 
　　據(jù)悉，天津市生態(tài)環(huán)境局會同市市場監(jiān)管委發(fā)布的《農(nóng)村生活污水處理設(shè)施水污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，在天津市已經(jīng)開始正式實(shí)施。一方面嚴(yán)控排入功能水體的水質(zhì)，另一方面放寬排入其他功能區(qū)劃未明確水體的要求，同時鼓勵生態(tài)處理和尾水利用。實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村生活污水處理設(shè)施運(yùn)行，改善農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境和水環(huán)境質(zhì)量，促進(jìn)水資源可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 
　　部分資料來源：水利部網(wǎng)站、天津日報

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