冬季蔬菜防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2025-01-15 09:10:20 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量：14568 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 進(jìn)入嚴(yán)冬，部分地區(qū)持續(xù)低溫寡照和雨雪冰凍災(zāi)害天氣風(fēng)險加大，為提前應(yīng)對、主動防范災(zāi)害性天氣對蔬菜生產(chǎn)的不利影響，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導(dǎo)組、國家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，研究提出冬季蔬菜防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、防范應(yīng)對持續(xù)低溫寡照天氣
 
　　（一）選用抗逆品種，培育壯苗。北方設(shè)施蔬菜產(chǎn)區(qū)選擇耐低溫弱光、坐果能力強(qiáng)、抗病的茄果和瓜豆類蔬菜品種，采用生物基質(zhì)育苗，適當(dāng)控水，避免徒長苗、高腳苗定植入棚。南方露地蔬菜產(chǎn)區(qū)選擇耐低溫寡照的葉菜類、根菜類和果菜類蔬菜，蔬菜出苗后控水控肥，避免弱苗出現(xiàn)。
 
　　（二）加強(qiáng)保溫蓄熱，提高地溫。設(shè)施蔬菜在設(shè)施外安置防風(fēng)屏障，設(shè)施內(nèi)進(jìn)行多層覆蓋，加強(qiáng)保溫蓄熱。注意農(nóng)膜與蔬菜之間要保持10厘米以上距離，防止葉片觸及農(nóng)膜而發(fā)生冷害。蔬菜行間撒施谷殼灰、草木灰、火土灰、麥糠等，或在畦面和蔬菜上覆蓋秸稈、稻草等，以提高地溫，減輕低溫危害，有條件的可用加熱設(shè)備進(jìn)行增溫。露地蔬菜在災(zāi)害天氣來臨前2天晴天時，采用膜下暗灌或滴灌的方式澆灌一次防凍水，防止地溫驟降，低溫天氣時，苗期蔬菜可用小拱棚保溫，大田蔬菜可在田間設(shè)擋風(fēng)屏障。
 
　　（三）適時人工補(bǔ)光，增加光照。設(shè)施內(nèi)安裝補(bǔ)光燈，選用功率1000W左右的白熾燈泡，間隔10米放置1盞，每日補(bǔ)光4小時。無人工補(bǔ)光條件的，通過早揭晚蓋保溫覆蓋物，保證光照時長。通過及時整枝吊蔓，減少植株間遮擋，適時通風(fēng)減少棚膜表面水珠，以及在溫室北墻張掛反光膜，增加溫室內(nèi)光照。
 
　　（四）加強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)管理，控水控氮。低溫寡照天氣下，適當(dāng)減少澆水追肥。如果蔬菜出現(xiàn)缺水萎蔫，應(yīng)選擇在晴天時進(jìn)行膜下滴灌或膜下澆小水，并隨水追肥，追肥以多元復(fù)合肥為主，避免偏施氮肥。也可葉面噴施適宜濃度的蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等抗冷誘導(dǎo)劑，并以0.3%復(fù)合肥和0.2%氯化鈣作為追肥，提高植株抗性。
 
　　（五）及時通風(fēng)降濕，防控病蟲。北方設(shè)施生產(chǎn)要科學(xué)調(diào)控空氣濕度，及時通風(fēng)，盡量安排在晴天中午通風(fēng)。及時摘除病葉、老葉、黃葉，改善植株間通風(fēng)透光條件，預(yù)防病蟲害發(fā)生。南方冬季低溫寡照往往伴隨高濕，容易誘發(fā)露地葉菜灰霉、猝倒、菌核等病害發(fā)生，要及時噴施低毒低殘留廣譜性殺菌劑，防止病害蔓延。
 
　　二、防范應(yīng)對雨雪冰凍天氣
 
　　（一）關(guān)注天氣變化，保溫增溫。密切關(guān)注天氣變化，及早做好應(yīng)對準(zhǔn)備。提前維護(hù)加固蔬菜生產(chǎn)設(shè)施，老舊設(shè)施或跨度較大、骨架已變形的設(shè)施，支設(shè)立柱支撐加固，修補(bǔ)破損棚膜。強(qiáng)降溫來臨前，在溫室采光面覆蓋保溫被，內(nèi)部增設(shè)防寒幕，密封棚室棚膜，利用補(bǔ)光加溫設(shè)備增光增溫。露地蔬菜可在植株上覆蓋塑料薄膜、無紡布或遮陽網(wǎng)等，天氣轉(zhuǎn)好后適時撤去，但注意冰雪天氣結(jié)束當(dāng)天不宜立即撤去，避免冰雪消融引起極端低溫。
 
　　（二）提高植株抗性，防控病害。雨雪冰凍災(zāi)害來臨前，葉面噴施0.3%磷酸二氫鉀、0.3%硝酸鈣和1%葡萄糖混合液，或者0.5%氯化鈣混合1%葡萄糖液(0.01%蕓苔素內(nèi)酯2000—3000倍液或1%白砂糖水溶液)，增強(qiáng)植株抗性。也可采用“壅土護(hù)根”方法，在畦溝或植株行間撒施適量的農(nóng)家肥，中耕時將土和農(nóng)家肥培于蔬菜根旁，以提高地溫、提供營養(yǎng)。雨雪冰凍災(zāi)害期間，選用煙劑、微粉劑防治低溫高濕病害。災(zāi)害過后，及時清除田間死株、病株及受凍植株，噴灑一次多菌靈、百菌清等低毒低殘留廣譜性殺菌劑，強(qiáng)化病害預(yù)防。
 
　　（三）及時清溝掃雪，挖溝排水。雨雪冰凍期間，及時清掃設(shè)施頂部及周圍的積雪，尤其注意大雪時邊降雪、邊清除，并加強(qiáng)夜間除雪。棚頂積雪無法及時清除、存在棚室坍塌風(fēng)險時，及時破膜保棚。冰雪災(zāi)害后，盡快清理疏通圍溝、廂溝和畦溝，清理田間積雪，加快排水，降低菜田地下水位及土壤濕度。地勢低洼、排水不暢的田塊，要加深溝渠或加挖排水溝。
 
　　（四）適時揭被透光，避免凍害。天氣轉(zhuǎn)晴后，適時逐步漸進(jìn)式揭開保溫被，防止突然見光導(dǎo)致蔬菜葉片急性萎蔫。若發(fā)生葉片萎蔫應(yīng)立即蓋上，等恢復(fù)后再揭開，反復(fù)數(shù)次直到植株不再萎蔫后再轉(zhuǎn)入正常揭蓋管理。蔬菜萎蔫可噴施清水或1%的海藻酸溶液。晴天中午及時通小風(fēng)以消霧透光。露地蔬菜及時清除植株上的積雪，避免升溫后在葉面形成冰凌，造成凍害。
 
　　（五）做好搶收搶播，降低損失。災(zāi)害來臨前，抓緊搶收成熟蔬菜。災(zāi)害發(fā)生后，及早采收具有商品性的蔬菜，減少損失。對嚴(yán)重受凍的蔬菜，在天晴時抓緊翻犁，待氣溫回暖后改種小白菜、生菜、芥菜、菠菜、茼蒿等速生類蔬菜。

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