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2024年全國秋糧“一噴多促”技術(shù)意見

2024-08-06 10:03:13 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：12670 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：當(dāng)前，主產(chǎn)區(qū)玉米陸續(xù)進(jìn)入開花乳熟期，中稻處于孕穗抽穗期，大豆即將進(jìn)入開花結(jié)莢期，是產(chǎn)量形成關(guān)鍵期，也是“一噴多促”窗口期。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】當(dāng)前，主產(chǎn)區(qū)玉米陸續(xù)進(jìn)入開花乳熟期，中稻處于孕穗抽穗期，大豆即將進(jìn)入開花結(jié)莢期，是產(chǎn)量形成關(guān)鍵期，也是“一噴多促”窗口期，但奪取秋糧豐收還面臨洪澇、高溫、干旱、冷害和病蟲等災(zāi)害威脅。在秋糧生育中后期，將葉面肥、調(diào)節(jié)劑、抗逆劑、殺蟲殺菌劑等混合噴施，一次作業(yè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)促生長發(fā)育、促灌漿成熟、促災(zāi)后恢復(fù)、促產(chǎn)量提高等多重效應(yīng)，是秋糧中后期有災(zāi)防災(zāi)、無災(zāi)增產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵措施。堅(jiān)持“分類施策、優(yōu)選肥藥、精準(zhǔn)噴施、確保安全”的原則，推進(jìn)實(shí)施“一噴多促”，全力夯實(shí)秋糧豐產(chǎn)豐收基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　（一）因地制宜，分類施策。東北地區(qū)春玉米處于開花乳熟期、春大豆處于開花結(jié)莢期，中稻處于孕穗抽穗期，要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注漬澇、低溫冷害、早霜等災(zāi)害威脅，以及玉米螟、雙斑長跗螢葉甲、大斑病，大豆菌核病、食心蟲，水稻稻瘟病、紋枯病、鞘腐病、稻曲病、二化螟、稻蝽象甲等病蟲害。黃淮海地區(qū)夏玉米即將進(jìn)入抽雄開花期、夏大豆進(jìn)入開花結(jié)莢期，要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注北部漬澇和南部高溫，以及玉米南方銹病、褐斑病、玉米螟、草地貪夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、棉鈴蟲，大豆霜霉病、豆莢螟等病蟲害。長江中下游地區(qū)中稻處于孕穗抽穗期，要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注高溫、干旱、洪澇、寒露風(fēng)等自然災(zāi)害，以及紋枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病、二化螟、稻縱卷葉螟、稻飛虱等病蟲害。西北地區(qū)春玉米多處于抽雄開花期、春大豆處于結(jié)莢鼓粒期、夏大豆處于開花結(jié)莢期，要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注干旱和早霜，以及雙斑長跗螢葉甲、葉螨，大豆食心蟲、豆莢螟、霜霉病等病蟲害。要根據(jù)各地玉米大豆生育進(jìn)程、病蟲害和自然災(zāi)害，因地因苗因時(shí)因?yàn)?zāi)綜合實(shí)施“一噴多促”。
 
　　（二）優(yōu)選肥藥，科學(xué)搭配。應(yīng)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害，高溫干旱地區(qū)可噴施磷酸二氫鉀、中微量元素水溶肥和抗旱抗逆制劑，漬澇地塊及時(shí)排水后可葉面噴施尿素和磷酸二氫鉀，早霜威脅大的地區(qū)可噴施磷鉀肥或液體膜。玉米生長調(diào)節(jié)劑可選用三十烷醇、噻苯隆、蕓苔素內(nèi)酯、吲哚丁酸等，大豆生長調(diào)節(jié)劑主要選擇三十烷醇、蕓苔素內(nèi)酯、吲哚丁酸等。大豆生長調(diào)節(jié)劑主要選擇蕓苔素內(nèi)酯、噻苯隆、赤·吲乙·蕓苔、14-羥蕓·噻苯隆、調(diào)環(huán)酸鈣等。應(yīng)對(duì)病蟲害，玉米殺菌劑可選用吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲環(huán)唑、吡唑醚菌酯·戊唑醇、醚菌酯·氟環(huán)唑等，殺蟲劑可選用氯蟲苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯等；大豆殺菌劑可選用吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯·氟環(huán)唑、苯甲·丙環(huán)唑等，殺蟲劑主要選擇氯蟲苯甲酰胺、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲維·毒死蜱等。水稻殺菌劑可選用三環(huán)唑、吡唑醚菌酯微囊懸浮劑、噻呋酰胺、嘧菌酯、肟菌·戊唑醇等，殺蟲劑主要選擇三氟苯嘧啶、四氯蟲酰胺、茚蟲威、乙基多殺菌素等。
 
　　（三）適時(shí)噴施，精準(zhǔn)用量。時(shí)間上，作業(yè)時(shí)風(fēng)力應(yīng)在三級(jí)以內(nèi)、溫度不超過30℃，一般選擇在無雨天的上午9時(shí)前、下午4時(shí)后進(jìn)行，避開正午高溫時(shí)段；如噴后24小時(shí)內(nèi)遇中到大雨，要及時(shí)補(bǔ)噴；可因地制宜選擇無人機(jī)夜間作業(yè)。用量上，采用無人機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)，每畝噴液量1.5升以上，并在藥液中添加適量的噴霧助劑，提高霧滴沉降、抗飄移、抗蒸發(fā)等性能。采用高地隙噴桿噴霧機(jī)、車載式擔(dān)架機(jī)進(jìn)行噴霧作業(yè)時(shí)，畝噴液量要達(dá)到30升以上。
 
　　（四）統(tǒng)一作業(yè)，確保安全。作業(yè)前依照有關(guān)法規(guī)提前公告，作業(yè)時(shí)設(shè)立警示牌防止人畜中毒和傷亡事故發(fā)生。優(yōu)先選擇無人機(jī)統(tǒng)一噴防作業(yè)，飛行速度控制在3—5米/秒，飛行高度要根據(jù)無人機(jī)載重量進(jìn)行調(diào)整，載重30升以下無人機(jī)飛行高度距作物冠層2—3米，載重30升以上無人機(jī)飛行高度距作物冠層3.5—4.5米，防止作業(yè)時(shí)吹斷莖稈；無人機(jī)起降作業(yè)時(shí)，應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離障礙物和人員，作業(yè)人員應(yīng)穿戴必要的防護(hù)用品，避開噴霧下風(fēng)位，嚴(yán)禁在施藥區(qū)穿行，作業(yè)時(shí)禁止吸煙及飲食。對(duì)不適用于無人機(jī)作業(yè)的田塊，可因地制宜采用高地隙噴桿噴霧機(jī)、車載式擔(dān)架機(jī)等進(jìn)行噴霧作業(yè)。噴施作業(yè)前，綜合評(píng)估潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，防止噴霧霧滴飄移造成非靶標(biāo)生物毒害和周邊作物藥害。大規(guī)模施藥前須開展小范圍試驗(yàn)。

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