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關(guān)于印發(fā)《2021年秋糧機收減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》的通知

2021-09-16 09:41:20 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化總站 閱讀量:19479 評論

導(dǎo)讀:當(dāng)前,秋糧逐漸進(jìn)入收獲期,為做好玉米、水稻機械化收獲和烘干,應(yīng)對可能出現(xiàn)的災(zāi)害天氣,完善機收和防災(zāi)減災(zāi)農(nóng)機化技術(shù)措施,實現(xiàn)機收減損、顆粒歸倉,特制定2021年秋糧機收減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,供各地參考。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 農(nóng)機化總站〔2021〕36號
 
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  為貫徹落實習(xí)近平總書記關(guān)于毫不放松抓好糧食生產(chǎn)和“厲行節(jié)約、反對浪費”重要指示精神,按照一個一個品種、一個一個區(qū)域、一個一個季節(jié)、一個一個環(huán)節(jié)抓好糧食生產(chǎn)的要求,我站聯(lián)合農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機械化專家指導(dǎo)組制定了《2021年秋糧機收減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》,現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們。請結(jié)合實際,加強“三秋”期間機械化技術(shù)培訓(xùn)指導(dǎo),全方位提升糧食收獲質(zhì)量,進(jìn)一步降低機收損失,為夯實國家糧食安全基礎(chǔ)貢獻(xiàn)機械化力量。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化總站
 
  2021年9月14日
 
2021年秋糧機收減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化總站、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機械化專家指導(dǎo)組
 
  當(dāng)前,秋糧逐漸進(jìn)入收獲期,為做好玉米、水稻機械化收獲和烘干,應(yīng)對可能出現(xiàn)的災(zāi)害天氣,完善機收和防災(zāi)減災(zāi)農(nóng)機化技術(shù)措施,實現(xiàn)機收減損、顆粒歸倉,特制定2021年秋糧機收減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見,供各地參考。
 
  一、減損收獲
 
  (一)適期機收
 
  玉米成熟的標(biāo)志是植株的中、下部葉片變黃,基部葉片干枯,果穗變黃,苞葉干枯成黃白色而松散,籽粒脫水變硬乳線消失,微干縮凹陷,籽?;?胚下端)出現(xiàn)黑帽層,并呈現(xiàn)出品種固有的色澤,玉米籽粒含水率15-25%,此時應(yīng)進(jìn)行收獲。玉米適收期因品種、播期及生產(chǎn)目的而異。機械收獲時,如遇雨季或品種易落粒、折稈、掉穗、穗上發(fā)芽等情況,應(yīng)適當(dāng)提前收獲。確定收獲期時,還要根據(jù)當(dāng)時的天氣情況、品種特性和栽培條件,合理安排收獲順序,做到因地制宜、適時搶收,減少損失,確保顆粒歸倉。
 
  水稻成熟的標(biāo)志是谷粒全部變硬,多數(shù)穗穎殼變黃,穗軸上干下黃,有70%的枝粳已干枯,每穗谷粒穎殼95%以上變黃,稻谷籽粒含水率15~28%,此時應(yīng)進(jìn)行收獲。一般南方中秈稻為齊穗后30~35天,晚秈稻為齊穗后35~40天,中晚粳稻為齊穗后40~45天;北方單季稻區(qū)齊穗后45~50天收獲。根據(jù)不同田塊選擇合適的收獲機,選擇晴好天氣,及時收割。在易發(fā)生自然災(zāi)害或復(fù)種指數(shù)較高的地區(qū),為搶時間,可提前至九成熟時開始收獲。聯(lián)合收獲應(yīng)在雨、露水基本消退后作業(yè);分段收獲應(yīng)在完熟前4~5天收割,適時脫粒。
 
  (二)機械準(zhǔn)備
 
  應(yīng)選用帶莖稈切碎和拋灑裝置的收獲機作業(yè),便于秸稈還田和埋茬作業(yè)。作業(yè)前應(yīng)對收獲機械進(jìn)行檢查、調(diào)試、維修和保養(yǎng),保證機械性能良好。認(rèn)真檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、割臺、輸送、脫粒清選(或剝皮)、卸糧等機構(gòu)的運轉(zhuǎn)、傳動、間隙等情況。同時,應(yīng)做好田間雜物清除,并根據(jù)收割方式開出收割道。
 
  (三)技術(shù)要求
 
  1.試收
 
  開始收獲或更換收獲品種時應(yīng)進(jìn)行試收,試收長度10~15米,仔細(xì)查看有無漏割、堵塞等異常情況。按照作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測試收效果(檢測損失率、含雜率和破碎率等),玉米籽粒收獲機和水稻收割機應(yīng)對相應(yīng)工作部件(風(fēng)機進(jìn)風(fēng)口開度、振動篩篩片角度、凹板間隙、撥禾輪位置、割刀離田表高度等)適當(dāng)調(diào)整;玉米果穗收獲機應(yīng)對摘穗輥(或拉莖輥與摘穗板)的轉(zhuǎn)速、間隙,壓送器與剝皮輥間距適當(dāng)調(diào)整。調(diào)整后,應(yīng)再次試收檢測,直至達(dá)到作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
 
  2.選擇適收機型
 
  玉米果穗收獲:對種植中晚熟品種和晚播晚熟的地塊,玉米籽粒含水率在25%~35%時,應(yīng)采取機械摘穗的收獲方式,待果穗籽粒含水率降至25%以下時,再用機械脫粒。玉米籽粒直收:對一些種植早熟品種的地塊,當(dāng)籽粒含水率在25%以下或北方地區(qū)白天室外氣溫降至-10℃時,可利用玉米聯(lián)合收獲機直接脫粒收獲,優(yōu)先選用縱軸流低破碎玉米籽粒收獲機。收獲機割臺行距與種植行距相匹配,割臺割行中心距與種植行距相差在±5厘米以內(nèi)。
 
  水稻生長高度為55~110厘米、穗幅差≤25厘米,或收割難脫粒品種(脫粒強度大于180克),建議采用半喂入收割機。作物高度超出110厘米時,可以適當(dāng)增加割茬高度,對半喂入聯(lián)合收割機適當(dāng)調(diào)淺脫粒喂入深度。收割易脫粒品種(脫粒強度小于100克)或采用高留茬收獲時,建議使用全喂入收割機。有分段收獲需求的水稻,采用割曬機收割。
 
  3.規(guī)范駕駛操作
 
  玉米收獲作業(yè)要求對行收獲,應(yīng)盡量避免橫向收割;水稻收割作業(yè)行駛一般選用向心回轉(zhuǎn)法。作業(yè)時應(yīng)根據(jù)玉米、水稻作物品種、株高、產(chǎn)量、成熟度及秸稈含水率等因素選擇適宜的作業(yè)前進(jìn)速度,通過前進(jìn)速度、割茬高度及工作幅寬來調(diào)整喂入量,使機器在正常負(fù)荷下工作,減少夾帶損失,防止堵塞。作業(yè)時應(yīng)保持發(fā)動機在額定轉(zhuǎn)速,保持機器直線行駛作業(yè)。轉(zhuǎn)彎時應(yīng)停止收割,采用倒車法轉(zhuǎn)彎或兜圈法直角轉(zhuǎn)彎,應(yīng)避免邊收割邊轉(zhuǎn)彎,以防壓倒造成漏割損失。在負(fù)荷允許、收割機技術(shù)狀態(tài)完好的情況下,控制好作業(yè)速度,盡量滿幅或接近滿幅工作,以提高作業(yè)效率。當(dāng)玉米行距寬窄不一,可不必滿幅作業(yè),避免剮蹭相鄰行莖稈,導(dǎo)致植株倒折及果穗掉落。
 
  4.秸稈留茬還田
 
  收獲同時盡量實現(xiàn)秸稈全量還田,將秸稈切碎均勻拋于田面。玉米秸稈粉碎長度應(yīng)不大于10 厘米,水稻秸稈粉碎長度應(yīng)不大于10厘米,拋撒不均勻度不大于30%。還田機作業(yè)時,既要保證秸稈粉碎質(zhì)量,又應(yīng)避免還田刀具太低打土,造成損壞。定期檢查切割粉碎質(zhì)量和留茬高度,根據(jù)情況隨時調(diào)整。
 
  留茬高度應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)藝要求而定,一般玉米收獲留茬高度為10厘米左右,也可高留茬30~40厘米,后期再進(jìn)行秸稈處理。采用保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)種植的玉米,收獲時留茬高度盡可能控制在10~25厘米,以利于根茬固土,防風(fēng)固沙。北方一季粳稻秸稈留茬高度一般不超過10厘米,其他地區(qū)水稻留茬高度在15厘米以下,便于翻耕和秸稈還田。
 
  5. 過熟作物收割
 
  玉米過度成熟時,莖稈過干易折斷、果穗易脫落,脫粒后碎莖稈增加易引起清選分離困難,收獲時應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低前行速度,適當(dāng)調(diào)整清選篩開度,也可安排在早晨或傍晚莖稈韌性較大時收割。水稻完全成熟后,谷粒由黃變白,枝梗和谷粒都變干,特別是經(jīng)過霜凍之后,晴天大風(fēng)高溫,穗莖和枝梗易折斷,這時收獲需注意:盡量降低留茬高度,一般在10~15厘米,但要防止切割器“入泥吃土”,并且嚴(yán)禁使用半喂入收割機收獲,以減少切穗、漏穗。
 
  6.水稻分段收獲
 
  水稻割曬作業(yè)對天氣要求較高,割曬前后需要5-7天的晴好天氣,若遇連續(xù)陰雨天氣,易導(dǎo)致割曬水稻塌鋪。割曬前,提前排干稻田水,地面堅實不陷車,使收割機能夠正常作業(yè)。割曬時,橫插豎割,鋪放整齊、與插秧方向為70~90度,不塌鋪、不散鋪、不順綹,穗頭不著地,防止干濕交替、降低品質(zhì)。撿拾作業(yè)時,宜在水稻割鋪后晾曬3~5天、稻谷水分降至16%~18%左右時撿拾,應(yīng)不壓鋪,不丟穗,撿拾干凈。
 
  7.作業(yè)質(zhì)量
 
  按照《玉米收獲機械》(GB/T 21962-2020),正常作業(yè)條件下,玉米果穗收獲作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn):總損失率≤3.5%,籽粒破碎率≤0.8%,苞葉剝凈率≥85%,含雜率≤1.0%;玉米籽粒收獲作業(yè)質(zhì)量:總損失率≤4.0%,籽粒破碎率≤5.0%,含雜率≤2.5%。
 
  按照《全喂入聯(lián)合收割機 技術(shù)條件》(JB/T 5117-2017)、《半喂入聯(lián)合收割機 技術(shù)條件》(GB/T 20790-2006)、《割曬機 技術(shù)條件》(JB/T 7733-2007),正常作業(yè)條件下,水稻收獲作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn):全喂入水稻聯(lián)合收割機總損失率≤2.8%,破碎率≤1.5%,含雜率≤2.0%;半喂入水稻聯(lián)合收割機總損失率≤2.5%,破碎率≤0.5%,含雜率≤1.0%;割曬機收割水稻應(yīng)鋪放整齊、位置正確、無漏割,損失率≤1%。
 
  (四)倒伏作物收割
 
  1、收獲倒伏玉米
 
  (1)選擇適宜收獲機械。①宜選用割臺長度長、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能玉米收獲機。②對于有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊,宜選用履帶式或加裝半履帶收獲機,防止陷車。③對于倒伏嚴(yán)重且植株折斷比率較高或有青貯飼料需求的地方,宜選用具有籽粒破碎功能的青貯玉米收獲機。
 
  (2)做好機具調(diào)試改裝。①加長扶禾裝置。在收獲機割臺上加長分禾尖或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置,增加扶禾作業(yè)行程,適當(dāng)減小割臺傾角,使倒伏玉米更加平順進(jìn)入割臺。②加裝強制喂入裝置。通過加裝輔助撥禾輪或螺旋扶倒器,增加作物強制喂入功能,使玉米秸稈喂入割臺前盡量扶正,有條件的地區(qū)也可加裝動力撓爪,進(jìn)一步提高倒伏玉米歸集喂入質(zhì)量。③改裝內(nèi)部功能結(jié)構(gòu)。視情將鐵膠混合剝皮輥改裝為全膠剝皮輥,提高扒皮效果,防止鐵輥溝槽粘連泥土降低作業(yè)效果;將排雜輥改為浮動狀態(tài),加裝強力風(fēng)機,將喂入割臺的玉米整株有效排出;針對籽粒收獲機,調(diào)整脫粒滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙,避免過度揉搓,防止莖葉中的水分過多附著于玉米籽粒。
 
  (3)合理選擇收獲方式。①確定收獲方向。對于玉米倒伏方向與種植行垂直的玉米宜采取對行收割方式;對于倒伏方向與種植行平行的作物宜采取逆向?qū)π惺崭罘绞?。②降低作業(yè)速度。收獲時通過降檔加油門方式勻速作業(yè),使喂入速度與脫粒速度相協(xié)調(diào),防止倒伏后玉米籽粒濕度較高和果穗粘連泥土等原因造成的堵塞。③降低割臺高度。視玉米倒伏情況,調(diào)整收獲機分禾器尖與地面的距離,盡量扶起倒伏玉米,割臺要及時清理,防止秸稈和泥土在割臺堆積。④停用還田裝置。斷開秸稈還田裝置動力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至最高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工撿拾,減少收獲損失。需要秸稈還田的可利用秸稈粉碎還田機進(jìn)行再次作業(yè)。
 
  2、收割倒伏水稻
 
  (1)改善作業(yè)條件。收割倒伏水稻或在較為泥濘的濕田中收割前,應(yīng)提前2-3天排干田中積水,以減緩倒伏密閉造成秸稈和稻谷的腐爛。收割時間最好選擇晴天、空氣干燥的時間段,以利作物切割、輸送、脫粒,減少損失。
 
  (2)選擇合適方式。全喂入聯(lián)合收割機收割倒伏水稻時,調(diào)節(jié)撥禾輪與割刀的相對位置,并將割臺降至適宜高度,原則上倒伏角小于45度時采取順割;倒伏角在45~60度時采取逆割;倒伏角大于60度時,應(yīng)通過安裝“伏倒器”和“防倒伏彈齒”裝置,提高對倒伏水稻的收獲適應(yīng)性。選擇半喂入聯(lián)合收割機收割,倒伏角大于75度時采取順割并調(diào)快扶禾(鏈條)速度,倒伏角小于75度時順割逆割均可。
 
  (3)規(guī)范駕駛操作。收割時先放慢作業(yè)速度,少量依次作業(yè),檔位放在低速檔上,保持最大油門,經(jīng)常檢查凹板篩、清選篩是否堵塞,并及時清除割刀和喂入筒入口處堆積的泥土和秸稈。
 
  二、機械烘干
 
  (一)機具選配
 
  收獲后的玉米、水稻含水率不適合直接儲藏或自然晾曬條件不夠,應(yīng)采用谷物烘干機及時烘干。谷物烘干機根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)、作物產(chǎn)量、烘干批次、生產(chǎn)規(guī)模配置。機械化烘干作業(yè)應(yīng)遵循就近烘干原則,提前聯(lián)系社會化服務(wù)組織,提前統(tǒng)籌安排,科學(xué)合理拉運,做到隨收隨烘,避免濕糧長期堆放。
 
  1、選用適宜機型
 
  玉米籽粒烘干多選用順流、順逆流、順混流等多段烘干—緩蘇連續(xù)式烘干機械進(jìn)行作業(yè)。玉米采取果穗收獲方式,果穗應(yīng)離地儲存,通風(fēng)降水,籽粒含水率降至25%以下采用脫粒機脫粒再烘干;采取籽粒收獲方式時,應(yīng)及時采用連續(xù)式糧食烘干機進(jìn)行烘干。宜選用燃?xì)狻⑸镔|(zhì)等環(huán)保熱源。
 
  稻谷烘干機:小產(chǎn)糧區(qū)、優(yōu)質(zhì)稻等宜選用循環(huán)式烘干機,大產(chǎn)糧區(qū)、商品糧等可選用連續(xù)式混流、順混流烘干機。宜選用燃?xì)?、生物質(zhì)、熱泵等環(huán)保熱源,長江以南的華南、華中地區(qū)優(yōu)先選用熱泵烘干機。
 
  燃油和生物質(zhì)不宜采用直接加熱烘干的方式,應(yīng)采用間接加熱,生物質(zhì)爐的煙氣和燃油爐(燃燒不凈)的煙氣不應(yīng)進(jìn)入烘干機直接加熱糧食,避免糧食產(chǎn)生的有害物質(zhì)苯并芘超標(biāo),造成糧食污染,危害人身健康。
 
  2、配備設(shè)施設(shè)備
 
  根據(jù)需要配裝用于暫存谷物的倉儲設(shè)備,鋼板倉的容料量應(yīng)為烘干機處理量(批處理量)的1-1.5倍,烘干后的玉米、稻谷上市銷售前應(yīng)進(jìn)入倉儲設(shè)備(如倉、房、罩棚等)存放,倉儲設(shè)備應(yīng)清潔、干燥、通風(fēng)、無蟲害和鼠害。嚴(yán)禁與有毒、有腐蝕性,易發(fā)霉、有異味的物品混存。增配一定的輔助設(shè)備,如糧食清選機、提升機等。配備谷物水分檢測所需的烘箱、精密天平等儀器設(shè)備,不宜采用沒有校準(zhǔn)的快速水分測試儀直接檢測谷物水分。
 
  (二)檢查調(diào)試
 
  烘干作業(yè)前應(yīng)對烘干機進(jìn)行檢查、調(diào)試、維修和保養(yǎng),調(diào)試合格且所有機械設(shè)備空車運轉(zhuǎn)正常后開始作業(yè)。電機的轉(zhuǎn)動方向正確、三角帶的松緊程度適當(dāng);聲光報警裝置運轉(zhuǎn)正常,溫度傳感器、熱電偶應(yīng)校對一次;附屬設(shè)備空車連續(xù)正常運轉(zhuǎn)2小時以上,熱風(fēng)爐提前烘爐、調(diào)試。烘干系統(tǒng)各減速機添加足量的潤滑機油,傳動軸承添加足量的潤滑脂。
 
  連續(xù)式烘干機作業(yè)前應(yīng)測試谷物水分,設(shè)定熱風(fēng)溫度和排糧轉(zhuǎn)速。當(dāng)進(jìn)機或出機糧食水分較高時,應(yīng)降低排糧轉(zhuǎn)數(shù),增加降水幅度,或適當(dāng)提高熱風(fēng)溫度,加快降水速度;當(dāng)進(jìn)機糧食水分較低或出機糧食水分較低時,應(yīng)適當(dāng)提高排糧轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)或熱風(fēng)溫度。三級加熱的順流、順逆流、順逆混流烘干機烘干飼料、食品、淀粉用玉米的熱風(fēng)溫度分別為:140~170℃、110~150℃、110~160℃;橫流式烘干機分別為:90~100℃、70~80℃、80~90℃;混流式烘干機分別為:120~140℃、100~130℃、100~130℃,一級加熱的烘干機應(yīng)取上述熱風(fēng)溫度的中、下值,烘干粉質(zhì)玉米時,熱風(fēng)溫度應(yīng)使用下限值或再適當(dāng)降低。
 
  循環(huán)式烘干機作業(yè)前應(yīng)校準(zhǔn)水分儀和設(shè)定熱風(fēng)溫度,橫流式循環(huán)烘干機烘干粳稻、晚秈稻的熱風(fēng)溫度分別為:53~58℃、55~60℃;混流式烘干機分別為:55~60℃、60~65℃。
 
  (三)技術(shù)要點
 
  1.烘前處理
 
  玉米、稻谷烘干前宜進(jìn)行初清,含雜率≤2%,稻谷帶芒率不大于15%,不得有泥土、沙石、長莖稈、麻袋繩、聚乙烯膜等雜物。烘干前,需測定谷物的初始含水率,同一批烘干的稻谷、玉米水分不均度應(yīng)≤3%。當(dāng)循環(huán)式烘干機進(jìn)機稻谷水分差大于3%到6%,應(yīng)先進(jìn)行冷風(fēng)循環(huán)干燥到水分差不大于3%時開始干燥;當(dāng)?shù)竟人植畲笥?%且稻谷水分大于26%,應(yīng)邊進(jìn)濕稻谷邊通冷風(fēng)(自然風(fēng))循環(huán)干燥,直到機內(nèi)稻谷水分差不大于3%且稻谷水分不大于26%時開始干燥,節(jié)省能源且保證稻谷質(zhì)量。
 
  接收濕糧堆放時,水分差大于3%的應(yīng)分堆擺放,水分差異大于3%的糧食宜分別進(jìn)行烘干,且應(yīng)先烘干大水分、后烘干小水分的糧食。環(huán)境溫度20℃以上的地方,暫存糧堆下應(yīng)放置地上籠并進(jìn)行通風(fēng)。粉質(zhì)玉米(軟粒型玉米)和硬質(zhì)玉米(燧石種玉米)應(yīng)分別暫存、分別干燥。
 
  2.烘干工藝
 
  玉米連續(xù)式烘干機干燥工藝:(1)干燥→緩蘇→冷卻,干燥緩蘇段或換向段應(yīng)不少于2個,玉米籽粒溫度不超過50℃,最大不超過55℃。當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度大于25℃、水分大于26%時,收獲后盡量在15小時內(nèi)進(jìn)行烘干,水分越大,應(yīng)越短時間內(nèi)進(jìn)行烘干,否則玉米會變質(zhì)、霉變,降低玉米品質(zhì)。(2)玉米水分大于32%(種子除外)時,宜采用二次干燥工藝。
 
  稻谷干燥工藝:(1)循環(huán)式烘干機,多次干燥→緩蘇→冷卻,烘干至標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量(秈稻≤13.5%,粳稻≤14.5%)。烘干稻谷受熱溫度40℃以下為好,最高不超過43℃,采取短時間加熱長時間緩蘇,干燥緩蘇比為3:1—7:1,且要控制一次降水幅度不大于1.5%,防止增大爆腰率。(2)連續(xù)式烘干機必須是帶有多段緩蘇的烘干機,且要控制一次降水幅度不大于8%。
 
  優(yōu)先采用不落地干燥工藝,即稻谷收獲后,不在地上堆放,直接清選—烘干。當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度大于25℃、稻谷水分大于24%時,收獲后10小時內(nèi)進(jìn)行烘干,水分越大,應(yīng)越短時間內(nèi)進(jìn)行烘干,否則會變黃、霉變等,不能烘干的應(yīng)在通風(fēng)倉內(nèi)保持通風(fēng)。
 
  3.規(guī)范操作
 
  糧食烘干作業(yè)期間應(yīng)時刻注意熱風(fēng)溫度儀表數(shù)值變化,記錄在線水分測試儀的顯示參數(shù),并填寫糧食烘干生產(chǎn)記錄表。當(dāng)烘干機運行穩(wěn)定時,一般不再調(diào)整熱風(fēng)溫度,根據(jù)出機糧食水分大小,適量調(diào)整排糧轉(zhuǎn)速。經(jīng)常檢查烘干機內(nèi)的排糧是否通暢,發(fā)現(xiàn)堵塞及時清理。嚴(yán)格控制熱風(fēng)爐溫度和熱風(fēng)溫度,防止熱風(fēng)溫度過高造成糧食熱損傷或烘干機著火。烘干機故障停機時,關(guān)閉故障點前所有連動設(shè)備,停止進(jìn)糧;停機時間不長可不必熄滅熱風(fēng)爐,應(yīng)關(guān)閉鼓風(fēng)機;停機后每2小時排糧2~3分鐘,防止糧食結(jié)拱。烘干機烘干期結(jié)束或停機時間超過48小時時,應(yīng)從前至后依次關(guān)閉烘干機前的設(shè)備;隨著烘干機內(nèi)糧食逐漸排空,自上而下關(guān)閉熱風(fēng)機及進(jìn)風(fēng)閘門;逐步減少熱風(fēng)爐的燃料加入量,降低爐溫,直至停爐;轉(zhuǎn)動冷風(fēng)機直至糧食完全排空,避免糧食浪費。
 
  4.作業(yè)質(zhì)量
 
  玉米烘干作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn):破碎率增值≤0.5%。干燥不均勻度:降水幅度≤5%:≤1%,5%<降水率≤10%:≤1.5%。降水率>10%:≤2%;玉米裂紋率增值:降水幅度≤5%:≤20%,5%<降水幅度≤10%:≤25%,降水幅度>10%:≤30%。烘后色澤氣味無明顯變化,無熱損傷粒、焦糊粒。
 
  稻谷烘干作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn):破碎率增值≤0.3%。干燥不均勻度:循環(huán)式:≤1%;連續(xù)式:降水幅度≤5%:干燥不均勻度≤1%,5%<降水率≤10%:干燥不均勻度≤1.5%,降水率>10%:干燥不均勻度≤2%。爆腰率增值:循環(huán)式:≤2%、連續(xù)式≤3%。烘后色澤氣味無明顯變化,無熱損傷粒、焦糊粒。
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