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國四排放農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品100問-后處理系統(tǒng)篇

2023-01-13 13:31:28 來源：中國農(nóng)業(yè)機械工業(yè)協(xié)會 閱讀量：15085 評論

導(dǎo)讀：國四農(nóng)機排放的技術(shù)路線有哪幾種形式？其技術(shù)成熟嗎？

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】為積極回應(yīng)社會和廣大用戶的關(guān)切，更好地推進農(nóng)機國四排放法規(guī)的實施，中國農(nóng)機企業(yè)家峰會組織編寫了《國四排放農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品100問》手冊，意在普及國四排放農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品的法規(guī)和知識，對排放升級中大家關(guān)心的問題答疑解惑，便于農(nóng)機生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、農(nóng)機經(jīng)銷商、農(nóng)機使用者以及基層農(nóng)機管理人員進一步了解和認識國四農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品，更好地開展相關(guān)工作。
 
　　五、后處理系統(tǒng)篇
 
　　46、國四農(nóng)機排放的技術(shù)路線有哪幾種形式？其技術(shù)成熟嗎？
 
　　答：本次非道路國四排放標準，排放限值等同于歐ⅢB，但又增加了PN限制等內(nèi)容，可謂是獨具特色的排放標準，將歐盟歐ⅢB、歐Ⅳ、歐Ⅴ融合了進來，還增加了道路國六的內(nèi)容，技術(shù)難度大。
 
　　總體而言，國四標準產(chǎn)品，采用選擇性催化還原置(SCR)和顆粒物捕集器(DPF)是主流技術(shù)路線，大部分企業(yè)還會采用柴油氧化催化器(DOC)和廢氣再循環(huán)(EGR)等輔助技術(shù)：低功率區(qū)間，大部分企業(yè)采取高壓共軌+EGR+DOC+DPF路線；高功率區(qū)間，采用高壓共軌+DOC+DPF+SCR路線；也有部分企業(yè)在居中部分低功率區(qū)間采用高壓共軌+EGR+DOC+DPF路線。
 
　　對于柴油機生產(chǎn)企業(yè)而言，這些技術(shù)在國五、國六道路用柴油車上已實現(xiàn)成熟應(yīng)用，歐美非道路相應(yīng)產(chǎn)品已在十多年前供應(yīng)市場，技術(shù)升級和產(chǎn)品驗證、實驗基本都已經(jīng)完成，但國三升級到國四不僅僅更換發(fā)動機即可，更換一個滿足非道路國四排放的發(fā)動機，工作量僅完成了30%，后續(xù)70%的工作都要在整機上進行，各種匹配、優(yōu)化，以及整機PEMS測試等。
 
　　關(guān)于DPF的有關(guān)知識、使用和注意事項，請見附錄一、DPF
 
　　關(guān)于SCR的有關(guān)知識、使用和注意事項，請見附錄二、SCR
 
　　關(guān)于PEMS的有關(guān)知識、使用和注意事項，請見附錄四、PEMS
 
　　47、國四產(chǎn)品帶有DPF，在田間作業(yè)特別是收獲機作業(yè)時容易引發(fā)火情嗎？預(yù)防著火的辦法有哪一些？
 
　　答：國四產(chǎn)品和之前的產(chǎn)品的最大區(qū)別在于增加了一套后處理系統(tǒng)，后處理系統(tǒng)排氣部件與之前產(chǎn)品的排氣管及消聲器一樣，運行溫度很高，為此在產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)上，增加了后處理隔熱、防護裝置；日常使用中需要保證后處理系統(tǒng)排氣部件周圍的清潔，避免雜物堆積引發(fā)火災(zāi)。
 
　　另外，如果在尿素箱中誤加柴油也會引發(fā)火災(zāi)，在使用中需要注意避免油液添加錯誤。車輛操作手冊和相關(guān)部件周圍都進行了相關(guān)的說明并做了相關(guān)的注意事項以及安全警告標貼，請在操作機器前熟讀產(chǎn)品操作手冊。用戶在日常使用和保養(yǎng)中注意相關(guān)安全警告標貼的內(nèi)容，以做到安全使用設(shè)備。
 
　　目前非道路國四采用的技術(shù)手段在道路車輛以及歐美已經(jīng)非常成熟，根據(jù)國外同類產(chǎn)品多年的使用經(jīng)驗來看，并未發(fā)現(xiàn)由于排放升級加裝后處理系統(tǒng)而引起火災(zāi)發(fā)生率升高的情況。
 
　　48、DPF再生的方式有哪些？
 
　　答：DPF的再生方式分為有ECU干預(yù)的主動再生(一般技術(shù)上指碳和氧氣的高溫反應(yīng)>550℃)和沒有ECU干預(yù)的被動再生(一般技術(shù)上指碳和NO2的低溫反應(yīng)<450℃)。主動再生又稱強制再生，分為行車再生(機器正常工作)和駐車再生兩種方式；被動再生不需要人工干預(yù)。
 
　　服務(wù)站再生是指去服務(wù)站做DPF再生，當服務(wù)再生DPF指示燈發(fā)出指示，發(fā)動機出現(xiàn)限扭，就代表需要進行服務(wù)再生。
 
　　行車再生和駐車再生特點：駐車再生較為安全。行車再生效率高，不耽誤正常工作，但需注意行車再生的周圍環(huán)境。
 
　　具體再生操作流程請參見生產(chǎn)廠家的使用說明書。
 
　　49、所有國四產(chǎn)品需要駐車再生嗎？
 
　　答：市場上的部分國四農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品不需要駐車再生，其再生是在作業(yè)過程中自動進行的，無需人工干預(yù)。只有在未及時添加尿素，使用了劣質(zhì)的柴油、機油和尿素，以及后處理系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的相關(guān)報警沒有及時處理的情況下，才需要進行駐車再生或者專業(yè)技術(shù)人員現(xiàn)場開展強制再生。
 
　　50、DPF被動再生時，發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速自動增加，是否正常？
 
　　答：正常，這是DPF被動再生時清除積聚污染物的正常操作，此時儀表會有相應(yīng)的提示。
 
　　51、國四后處理對于農(nóng)業(yè)機械是否有特殊的設(shè)計？
 
　　答：農(nóng)機后處理均增加了后處理隔熱防護裝置(設(shè)置防火隔熱棉，外加隔熱板、防護罩等)，對后處理零件起到防護作用，并對農(nóng)作物秸稈、碎屑進行防護阻擋，一般農(nóng)機產(chǎn)品的后處理系統(tǒng)的主體部分在機械殼體內(nèi)，且排氣口方向朝上或斜上，通過這些措施有效防止火情。此外增加黃色防燙標識警示，用于提醒用戶此零件為高溫部件。
 
　　52、對于農(nóng)業(yè)機械后處理裝置的清理是否有特殊要求？
 
　　答：建議每次使用前檢查后處理裝置的情況，清理后處理周邊的農(nóng)作物秸稈、碎屑，以防止農(nóng)作物碎屑堆積過多引發(fā)火情。
 
　　53、后處理系統(tǒng)常見典型故障有哪些？
 
　　答：尿素泄漏、噴嘴堵塞、電氣傳感器故障(排溫、壓差、尿素質(zhì)量等)、DPF系統(tǒng)故障(堵塞、再生失敗、移除等故障)、SCR系統(tǒng)故障(SCR效率低、結(jié)晶堵塞、載體脫落等故障)，這些故障會以故障代碼的形式在產(chǎn)品的顯示屏上顯示 ，便于報修和維修。
 
　　主編：張偉洪 許國明 劉順利

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