（二）國四的熱鬧與愛科的門道

2022-11-26 09:32:49 來源：愛科中國 閱讀量：17089 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】第二章我們繼續(xù)看另一個234的方案，這個方案里主要增加了SCR，這是目前方案中排氣系統(tǒng)的最末端，請注意“目前”兩個字。隨著廢氣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不斷升級，排氣管會越來越粗越來越長，直至買排氣管送發(fā)動機(jī)。人們對SCR沒有好感，大多并不在于SCR本身，而是這東西得燒尿素，覺得既麻煩又費錢。

　　筆者覺得，與國三比確實如此，但與不用SCR的國四相比，非也。
 
　　我們先算筆賬，32.5%的尿素水溶液，價格來去很大，尿素要用好的，所以我們選頂級的50元/10千克，也就是大概5元/升。
 
　　柴油價格目前上漲比較厲害，以0號8元/升來算。尿柴比根據(jù)工況不同差異也比較大，以5%來算，以消耗100升柴油為基準(zhǔn)，那么尿素消耗5升，費用為多25元。
 
　　大家應(yīng)該還記得之前講的，不用尿素的SCR就得用廢氣再循環(huán)，這個EGR隨之帶來的是5%的油耗增加。以100升柴油為基準(zhǔn)就是多5升，費用為多40元。
 
　　簡單從費用來看，尿素多25元，非尿素多40元。到底誰省，一目了然了吧。如果不是簡單的從價格來看，那么可能不是15塊錢價差的問題了。
 
　　簡單講，SCR就是給氮氧化物兜底的，照單全收。發(fā)動機(jī)只管燒，SCR只管埋，可以盡情的發(fā)揮燃燒功率。如果沒有SCR，發(fā)動機(jī)一邊燒，還得一邊顧慮氮氧化物超不超標(biāo)，這怎么能燒的開心。發(fā)動機(jī)燒的不開心，那么開這個拖拉機(jī)的人肯定也不會太開心，因為不能隨叫隨到。還記得那句某車的廣告詞嗎？你只管踩油門，剩下的交給Quattro(夸戳)，道理是一樣的。
 
　　四個后處理組件，
 
　　還剩一個DPF沒有介紹。
 

　　DPF工作示意圖
 
　　對DPF這個裝置的理解，最簡單的就是可以把它看做是口罩。當(dāng)然它的基質(zhì)不是布，而是一種特殊的陶瓷類物質(zhì)。D柴油P顆粒F過濾，所以很明顯它是用來捕捉碳煙等微粒的。有個與之密切相關(guān)的詞叫“再生”，也就是重新獲得新生，這是個多么美好的詞，可為什么要再生呢，因為不能長生?；o常開日，人無再少年；海日生殘夜，江春入舊年。所以我們要時常排空心中塵霾，不要自己給自己添堵。
 
　　再生分為被動和主動，筆者覺得只要能再生，還在乎什么主動和被動，可成年人不做選擇題，全都要。正好DPF也是這么想的。所謂被動就是一邊捕捉顆粒一邊把顆粒催化反應(yīng)排出，讓DPF不至于很快就堵塞，這個過程是在發(fā)動機(jī)正常工作的時候一直在進(jìn)行的，無需人工干預(yù)。
 
　　但被動再生的速度或者催化反應(yīng)條件不能完全滿足時刻產(chǎn)生的微粒堆積，久而久之，這個口罩還是會堵塞嚴(yán)重，這時候就需要主動再生。主動再生是說DPF堵塞到一定程度，必須人工干預(yù)進(jìn)行再生。操作比較簡單，一般拖拉機(jī)駕駛室內(nèi)會有相關(guān)按鈕，只需按步驟操作就可以。主動再生需要駐車，發(fā)動機(jī)會自動運轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)行，它的本質(zhì)是升高排氣溫度，把碳煙微粒燒掉后排出。類似于上圖中最下面那個拿著噴火槍小人干的活。
 
　　現(xiàn)實的來講，排氣管里的后處理系統(tǒng)，對發(fā)動機(jī)和機(jī)手來說，都是有影響的。講到這肯定有人會想到，既然排氣管有影響，那我把它拆了不就行了么，沒有了束縛，不就想怎么排就怎么排了。有這樣想法的人，可能大多是不知道軟件為何物，別說你拆了排氣管，就算排氣管里的某個后處理裝置工作不正常，軟件就會對發(fā)動機(jī)進(jìn)行限制。分故障嚴(yán)重程度的不同，對功率和扭矩進(jìn)行不同比例的下降限制，總之就是無法正常干活。都是為了環(huán)境，請善待排氣管。
 
　　雖然我們不需要考試，但還是要給大家拎一下重點。既然是重點，那就只有一點，而且這一點不是關(guān)于排放的，是高于排放的。一段時間以前，筆者就在不時思考一個問題，石油存在了至少上萬年，人類利用化石能源也至少上千年，柴油機(jī)面世也已過百年，何時何方是個頭呢？但它肯定會有個頭，就像當(dāng)初蒸汽機(jī)的出現(xiàn)一樣。
 
　　直到不久前，一個科普視頻解決了這個問題，或者說讓這個問題不在是問題。所以說問題的解決不一定在于解決問題的本身，有時候解開了心結(jié)，問題也就迎刃而解了。人類存在了300萬年，可把這個時間跨度和太陽的年齡進(jìn)行比較的話，換算成一天24小時，那么人類的存在還不到1分鐘。而太陽相對于宇宙，也和人類相對于太陽一樣的渺小?？赐赀@段視頻當(dāng)時整個人都不好了，可忽然整個人又非常好了。國四也好，尿素也罷，這都不是事，我們現(xiàn)在做的是讓1分鐘變成2分鐘的大事。一代人做好一代人，一代機(jī)當(dāng)好一代機(jī)，是可謂諸法空相，不生不滅，不垢不凈，不增不減；如是而已。
 
　　順便提一句，后處理系統(tǒng)只是后處理，發(fā)動機(jī)的原生排放其實也非常重要。以小汽車為例，目前是國六，但仍然還有少數(shù)汽車不用裝DPF就達(dá)到國六標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。筆者認(rèn)為這才是好發(fā)動機(jī)，研究好發(fā)動機(jī)，直接減少發(fā)動機(jī)本機(jī)的有害物排放，再配合對應(yīng)的必須要有的后處理才是根本。
 
　　比如說下面這樣的發(fā)動機(jī)，就是很不錯的發(fā)動機(jī)
 

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