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2022年吉林省大豆春播技術(shù)指導意見

2022-04-18 09:29:09 來源：吉林省農(nóng)技推廣總站 閱讀量：19097 評論

導讀：去年秋季吉林省大部降水較多，底墑較好。另據(jù)氣象部門預測，春季氣溫較常年略高，冷暖波動較大；降水較常年略少，時空分布不均。綜上所述，省農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣總站結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實際提出2022年大豆春播生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】去年秋季吉林省大部降水較多，底墑較好。另據(jù)氣象部門預測，春季氣溫較常年略高，冷暖波動較大；降水較常年略少，時空分布不均。綜上所述，省農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣總站結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實際提出2022年大豆春播生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。
 
　　一、 合理輪作
 
　　結(jié)合大豆擴種計劃，合理優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)布局，選擇優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)大豆品種，推廣大豆與玉米、小麥、馬鈴薯隔年輪作，發(fā)揮大豆養(yǎng)地作用，以減少化肥投入，促進農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 
　　二、適時整地
 
　　春整地要在土壤化凍18cm～20cm時整地封墑,采取耙地和起壟復式作業(yè)，前邊耙地，后邊起壟，減少水分散失。起壟后要及時鎮(zhèn)壓，使壟體緊實，防止跑墑。土壤水分含量高時耕期后延，避免濕耕起大塊，起明條。
 
　　三、精細播種
 
　　(一)品種選擇。選擇優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、耐密植、適合于機械化作業(yè)品種，禁止越區(qū)種植。
 
　　(二)種子處理。播前要進行種子精選，剔除病斑粒、蟲食粒及雜質(zhì)。純度、凈度不低于98%，發(fā)芽率不低于90%，含水量不高于13%；播種前7天用35%多克福懸浮種衣劑拌種，低洼易澇根腐病嚴重的地塊加20%噻蟲嗪·咯菌清·精甲霜靈，防治大豆苗期病蟲害。
 
　　(三)播種時期。根據(jù)吉林省氣候，播種最佳時間為5月1日～5月15日，東部地區(qū)最遲在5月25日前播完種。
 
　　(四)播種方法。提倡進行機械播種，加快播種進度。開展機械壟上雙行等距精量播種，雙行間小行距10～12厘米，播深一般3～5厘米為宜，播后視土壤墑情及時鎮(zhèn)壓。
 
　　(五)播種密度。東部山區(qū)小粒豆公頃保苗株數(shù)建議30～35萬株；中西部大粒豆播種一般公頃保苗20～23萬株。具體播量依據(jù)品種的耐密性、土壤肥力、施肥量、降雨及灌溉情況適當調(diào)整。
 
　　四、科學施肥
 
　　總施肥量每畝15～20公斤，一般氮、磷、鉀可按1：1.1～1.5：0.8～1.2的比例?？偸┓柿恐锌鄢N肥作為底肥。播前扶壟結(jié)合施底肥，底肥要做到分層側(cè)深施，上層施于種下5～7cm處，施肥量占底肥量的1/3。下層施于種下10～12cm處，肥量占底肥量的2/3(積溫較低冷涼地區(qū)，適當減少下層施肥比例)。肥料磷酸二銨為100～150kg、鉀肥100～150kg,或者使用45%復合肥250-350公斤/公頃。一般播種前5～10天進行。播種時，施種肥每畝地2～3公斤磷酸二銨，切忌種肥同位，以免燒種。
 
　　五、化學除草
 
　　(一)土壤封閉處理。播種鎮(zhèn)壓后1～2天，根據(jù)主要雜草種類選擇安全、高效、低毒的除草劑適時進行化學除草，禁止使用長殘效除草劑。同時在春季干旱區(qū)宜采取苗后除草，土壤墑情好的地區(qū)宜采取土壤封閉處理的方式施藥。通常選擇的苗前封閉除草劑主要有異丙甲草胺、噻吩磺隆、2,4-D異辛酯等，按說明書施藥。
 
　　(二)苗后莖葉處理。在大豆出苗后1～3片復葉期，雜草2～4葉期，依據(jù)雜草種類進行苗后葉面噴霧處理。通常選擇的苗后除草劑主要有氟磺胺草醚、精喹禾靈、異噁草松、克闊樂等，按說明書施藥。

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