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大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植配套機(jī)具調(diào)整改造指引

2022-03-15 09:10:58 來(lái)源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化管理司 閱讀量:14242 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:為做好豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植配套農(nóng)機(jī)裝備保障工作,我司組織農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站和農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組制定了《大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植配套機(jī)具調(diào)整改造指引》

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農(nóng)機(jī)科〔2022〕28號(hào)
 
  河北、山西、內(nèi)蒙古、江蘇、安徽、山東、河南、湖南、廣西、重慶、四川、貴州、云南、陜西、甘肅、寧夏等省、自治區(qū)、直轄市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村(農(nóng)牧)廳(委),各有關(guān)單位:
 
  為做好豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植配套農(nóng)機(jī)裝備保障工作,我司組織農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站和農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組制定了《大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植配套機(jī)具調(diào)整改造指引》,現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們,供開(kāi)展相關(guān)工作參考。請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際,因地制宜分區(qū)域、分模式研究細(xì)化機(jī)具調(diào)整改造方案,落實(shí)怎么改、誰(shuí)來(lái)改、何時(shí)改,做好配件供應(yīng),加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)指導(dǎo),多措并施增加適用機(jī)具供給,為保證大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植玉米不減產(chǎn)、畝多收大豆100公斤以上提供有效機(jī)具裝備支撐保障。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化管理司
 
  2022年3月11日
 
大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植配套機(jī)具調(diào)整改造指引
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化管理司
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組
 
  為加強(qiáng)大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“復(fù)合種植”)配套機(jī)具供給,提供有效裝備支撐保障,針對(duì)大中型機(jī)具保有量較多的黃淮海地區(qū)和西北地區(qū)主要技術(shù)模式和主流機(jī)型,制定了復(fù)合種植配套機(jī)具調(diào)整改造指引,供各地參考。其他地區(qū)、技術(shù)模式和機(jī)型可參照應(yīng)用。
 
  一、調(diào)整改造原則
 
  確保安全性。應(yīng)作為首要條件,調(diào)整改造時(shí)應(yīng)注意排查安全隱患,做好個(gè)人防護(hù);機(jī)具危險(xiǎn)部件應(yīng)加裝安全防護(hù)裝置,存在安全隱患的部位應(yīng)在明顯位置設(shè)置安全警示標(biāo)志,與拖拉機(jī)配套時(shí)穩(wěn)定性應(yīng)滿足要求,嚴(yán)防調(diào)整改造后,機(jī)具出現(xiàn)傷人毀機(jī)事件。
 
  突出適用性。充分考慮目前各地實(shí)際農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件、復(fù)合種植技術(shù)模式和機(jī)具保障現(xiàn)狀,因地制宜以機(jī)適地開(kāi)展機(jī)具調(diào)整改造,最大限度滿足復(fù)合種植機(jī)化生產(chǎn)需求。
 
  注重便捷性。機(jī)具調(diào)整改造方式應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)單、便捷,優(yōu)先采用調(diào)整檔位等簡(jiǎn)易方式進(jìn)行,其次采用更換排種盤(pán)、噴頭等商品化零配件方式進(jìn)行,確有必要再采用焊接、切分等復(fù)雜方式。
 
  兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)性。統(tǒng)籌考慮改造成本和機(jī)具性能,如改造成本超過(guò)新購(gòu)置適用機(jī)具成本的30%,為保證作業(yè)質(zhì)量和減少支出成本,宜新購(gòu)置復(fù)合種植專用機(jī)具。
 
  二、播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造
 
  播種機(jī)以調(diào)整為主,部分改造需購(gòu)置排種盤(pán)、鴨嘴式播種輪、齒輪等零配件。
 
  (一)黃淮海地區(qū)
 
  目前,適宜該地區(qū)調(diào)整改造的主流機(jī)型為麥茬地玉米免耕播種機(jī),其中,勺輪式播種機(jī)保有量最大,指夾式和氣力式保有量較小。由于大豆發(fā)芽勢(shì)不強(qiáng),對(duì)種床要求較高,采用調(diào)整改造后的玉米免耕播種機(jī)播種大豆,應(yīng)提前開(kāi)展滅茬作業(yè);采用大豆、玉米分步播種方式,需間隔作物種植帶,在秸稈覆蓋條件下不易辨識(shí),應(yīng)注意控制作業(yè)間距。應(yīng)確保玉米播種密度和單株施肥量與凈作玉米相差不大。
 
  1. 調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)播種布局和縮行距
 
  2+2(2行大豆+2行玉米)模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造:以黃淮海地區(qū)較為常見(jiàn)的4行玉米免耕播種為例,保持播種機(jī)兩端的2個(gè)播種單體不動(dòng),分別擰松中間2個(gè)播種單體的緊固件,將其向中間調(diào)整至40cm間距,并分別調(diào)整兩端單體,與中間單體間距均為70cm,緊固好播種單體,形成中間播種2行玉米、兩側(cè)各播種1行大豆的復(fù)合種植一體化播種機(jī),通過(guò)往復(fù)作業(yè),可實(shí)現(xiàn)2+2復(fù)合種植模式機(jī)械化同步播種。如采用勺輪式、指夾式玉米播種機(jī),調(diào)整改造為大豆播種單體時(shí),應(yīng)更換為適宜大豆播種的排種盤(pán);氣吸式玉米播種機(jī)適用于大豆種形,在株距合適情況下,可不更換排種盤(pán)。
 
  3+2(3行大豆+2行玉米)模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造:以黃淮海地區(qū)較為常見(jiàn)的4行玉米免耕播種為例,在中間位置增設(shè)1個(gè)播種單體,并盡量將其與中間2個(gè)單體前后錯(cuò)開(kāi),形成中間播種3行大豆(間距30—35cm)、兩側(cè)各播種1行玉米(玉米單體與大豆單體間距70cm)的復(fù)合種植一體化播種機(jī),通過(guò)往復(fù)作業(yè),可實(shí)現(xiàn)3+2復(fù)合種植模式機(jī)械化同步播種。排種器調(diào)整改造方式參照上述2+2模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)。
 
  4+2(4行大豆+2行玉米)模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造:以黃淮海地區(qū)較為常見(jiàn)的3行玉米免耕播種為例(如采用4行播種機(jī)則先拆除一個(gè)播種單體),保持播種機(jī)一側(cè)的播種單體不動(dòng),分別擰松其余2個(gè)播種單體的緊固件,將播種單體間距按照行距、帶間距進(jìn)行調(diào)整并緊固好,形成一側(cè)播種2行大豆(間距30—35cm)、另一側(cè)播種1行玉米(玉米單體與大豆單體間距70cm)的復(fù)合種植一體化播種機(jī),通過(guò)往復(fù)作業(yè),可實(shí)現(xiàn)4+2復(fù)合種植模式機(jī)械化同步播種。排種器調(diào)整改造方式參照上述2+2模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)。
 
  4+4(4行大豆+4行玉米)模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造:以黃淮海地區(qū)較為常見(jiàn)的4行玉米免耕播種為例,擰松播種單體的緊固件,將播種單體間距按照行距、帶間距進(jìn)行調(diào)整并緊固好,形成一側(cè)播種2行大豆(間距30—35cm)、另一側(cè)播種2行玉米(玉米單體間距40cm或者55cm,玉米單體與大豆單體間距70cm)的復(fù)合種植一體化播種機(jī),通過(guò)往復(fù)作業(yè),形成玉米帶40—80—40cm寬窄行布局或55cm等行距布局,實(shí)現(xiàn)4+4復(fù)合種植模式機(jī)械化同步播種。排種器調(diào)整改造方式參照上述2+2模式配套的一體化播種機(jī)。
 
  4+3(4行大豆+3行玉米)和4+4模式配套的分步大豆播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造:將現(xiàn)有的3行或4行大豆播種機(jī),拆除多余的播種單體,將行距調(diào)整至適宜的大豆播種行距,一般為30—35cm。如采用勺輪式、指夾式玉米播種機(jī),需更換為適宜大豆播種的排種盤(pán);氣吸式玉米播種機(jī)適用于大豆種形,在株距合適情況下,可不更換排種盤(pán)。
 
  4+3和4+4模式配套的分步玉米播種機(jī)調(diào)整改造:將現(xiàn)有的3行或4行玉米播種機(jī),拆除多余的播種單體,將行距調(diào)整至適宜的玉米播種行距,調(diào)整時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮玉米收獲機(jī)對(duì)行收獲要求,如將原4行60cm等行距玉米播種機(jī)的播種單體調(diào)整至40—80—40cm寬窄行布局,或調(diào)整至55cm等行距布局。
 
  2. 調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)縮株距
 
  優(yōu)先采用調(diào)整株距檔位的方式滿足玉米10—14cm、大豆8—10cm的株距要求(如果大豆采用雙粒播種,則株距可適當(dāng)加大);如最小株距檔位不能滿足要求,可根據(jù)排種器不同型式進(jìn)行調(diào)整改造。
 
  勺輪式播種機(jī):可采用調(diào)整傳動(dòng)比方式實(shí)現(xiàn),如將主動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪和被動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪互換位置;如仍不能滿足株距要求,可采用更換排種盤(pán)方式實(shí)現(xiàn),如將原18穴排種盤(pán)更換為24穴排種盤(pán)。
 
  指夾式播種機(jī):可更換排種驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪副塔輪,通過(guò)調(diào)整傳動(dòng)比方式實(shí)現(xiàn);因指夾式排種器的指夾數(shù)為定值12個(gè),無(wú)法通過(guò)更換排種盤(pán)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。
 
  氣力式播種機(jī):可采用更換不同孔數(shù)排種盤(pán)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。
 
  3. 調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)增大施肥量
 
  由于大豆和玉米所需肥料不同,一體化播種機(jī)大豆和玉米肥箱應(yīng)分設(shè),其中,大豆種植帶施肥量與常規(guī)凈作種植相差不大,基本不需要改造;玉米種植帶施肥量比常規(guī)凈作種植增加一倍左右,是施肥部件的改造重點(diǎn)。
 
  增大單位時(shí)間施肥量:優(yōu)先采用調(diào)節(jié)排肥器工作行程至最大位置的方式,如仍不能滿足施肥量要求,可更換大排量的排肥器,也可在玉米肥箱底部增開(kāi)排肥孔并增設(shè)施肥管。
 
  增大肥箱容積:如播種作業(yè)時(shí)加肥頻繁,影響作業(yè)效率,可適當(dāng)加大肥箱容積。改造時(shí),應(yīng)注意機(jī)具改造后重心變化,在肥箱加滿肥料條件下,整機(jī)駐車(chē)和行駛中應(yīng)重心穩(wěn)定。
 
  (二)西北地區(qū)
 
  目前,適宜該地區(qū)調(diào)整改造的主流機(jī)型為鴨嘴式覆膜打孔播種機(jī),排種器也分為勺輪式、指夾式、氣吸式等多種型式。鴨嘴式覆膜打孔播種機(jī)作業(yè)前,一般應(yīng)完成耕整地和施底肥作業(yè)。鋪膜播種作業(yè)時(shí),兩幅地膜中間交接行過(guò)窄會(huì)造成切膜、壅土等問(wèn)題,應(yīng)預(yù)留適宜的交接行寬度。不覆膜種植地區(qū),可參照上述黃淮海地區(qū)調(diào)整改造方式。
 
  1. 調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)播種布局和縮行距
 
  由于涉及機(jī)械化鋪膜作業(yè),調(diào)整改造后宜采用適宜行數(shù)的播種機(jī)分步開(kāi)展播種作業(yè),通過(guò)分別開(kāi)展不同行數(shù)的大豆、玉米播種作業(yè),組合實(shí)現(xiàn)不同技術(shù)模式。如3+2模式播種時(shí),采用3行大豆和2行玉米播種機(jī)分步播種;4+2模式播種時(shí),采用4行大豆和2行玉米播種機(jī)分步播種。
 
  如調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)一體化鋪膜播種,應(yīng)針對(duì)不同技術(shù)模式播種布局和行距選用不同寬度的地膜,并根據(jù)地膜寬度調(diào)整改造覆膜機(jī)構(gòu)和覆土滾筒;如采用2+2技術(shù)模式,可選用兩幅窄地膜;采用3+2技術(shù)模式,窄地膜不匹配,應(yīng)采用寬窄膜或?qū)捘しN植。如需鋪設(shè)滴灌帶,應(yīng)注意滴灌帶鋪設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)與覆膜機(jī)構(gòu)的匹配。
 
  2. 調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)縮株距
 
  鴨嘴式覆膜打孔播種機(jī)根據(jù)不同的作物品種,每個(gè)播種單體鴨嘴數(shù)量范圍為4—20個(gè)。滿足復(fù)合種植播種穴距的鴨嘴數(shù)量一般為8—12個(gè),可通過(guò)調(diào)整改造不同行數(shù)播種機(jī)的播種單體,實(shí)現(xiàn)大豆和玉米播種。玉米播種時(shí),選裝株距為10—12cm的鴨嘴式播種輪;大豆播種時(shí),選裝株距為8—10cm的鴨嘴式播種輪,或選裝排種器為一穴雙粒、株距為16—20cm的鴨嘴式播種輪。通過(guò)改變傳動(dòng)比,實(shí)現(xiàn)排種數(shù)與播種輪鴨嘴數(shù)量相匹配;或通過(guò)更換排種盤(pán),實(shí)現(xiàn)孔穴或指夾數(shù)量與鴨嘴數(shù)量相匹配。
 
  3. 調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)增大施肥量
 
  與黃淮海地區(qū)機(jī)具調(diào)整改造的原理和方式基本相同,可參照上述黃淮海地區(qū)調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)增大施肥量。
 
  三、噴桿噴霧機(jī)調(diào)整改造
 
  噴桿噴霧機(jī)是常見(jiàn)的植保機(jī)械,具有施藥均勻、霧滴飄移少、穿透力強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),通過(guò)加裝隔離裝置、并改造為雙系統(tǒng)噴霧后,可用于復(fù)合種植植保。因大豆和玉米適用除草劑差別較大,在噴施除草劑時(shí),應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用大豆和玉米種植系統(tǒng)相融性劑型,如噻吩磺隆、唑嘧磺草胺、滅草松、精異丙甲草胺、異丙甲草胺、乙草胺、二甲戊靈等同時(shí)登記在大豆和玉米上的除草劑,避免產(chǎn)生藥害;作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)減少霧滴飄移,不能混噴。
 
  (一)適宜調(diào)整改造機(jī)具的選擇
 
  1. 注意寬度匹配
 
  應(yīng)根據(jù)不同復(fù)合種植技術(shù)模式(行距、壟距、帶寬、帶間距等)選擇噴幅、輪距、輪胎寬度適宜的噴桿噴霧機(jī),避免作業(yè)時(shí)出現(xiàn)壓苗、壓壟現(xiàn)象。宜選用輪距可調(diào)的機(jī)具;輪胎與橋腿之間的間隙不宜超過(guò)30cm,避免壟行間行駛剮蹭,損壞作物莖葉。
 
  2. 注意高度匹配
 
  應(yīng)根據(jù)不同作業(yè)季節(jié)的作物植株高度選擇地隙高度、噴桿高度適宜的噴桿噴霧機(jī),避免作業(yè)時(shí)出現(xiàn)噴霧高度不夠、機(jī)具碰苗等問(wèn)題,宜選用離地間隙達(dá)到1.2m以上、噴桿高度0.5m—2.3m之間任意可調(diào)的機(jī)具。
 
  3. 其他匹配要求
 
  應(yīng)根據(jù)不同施藥量需求選擇適宜藥箱容積的機(jī)具。為便于實(shí)時(shí)觀察施藥作業(yè)時(shí)噴頭與大豆和玉米種植帶對(duì)位情況,提升施藥作業(yè)準(zhǔn)確度,宜選擇噴桿前置的機(jī)具。
 
  (二)調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)雙系統(tǒng)植保作業(yè)
 
  通過(guò)改造藥箱、液泵、藥液管路、噴頭體,并加裝隔離防護(hù)裝置,形成大豆和玉米兩套噴霧系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)合種植一體化植保作業(yè)。
 
  1. 藥箱改造
 
  大豆和玉米適用的藥劑一般不同,藥箱應(yīng)分設(shè)。雙藥箱機(jī)具可通過(guò)改造實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)藥箱隔離分裝不同藥劑。單藥箱機(jī)具可增設(shè)附加藥箱,并明顯區(qū)分;附加藥箱安裝位置應(yīng)科學(xué)合理,充分考慮機(jī)具重心問(wèn)題,確保在藥箱空載、滿載條件下機(jī)具重心穩(wěn)定。增設(shè)附加藥箱后,應(yīng)考慮整機(jī)載荷問(wèn)題。
 
  藥箱內(nèi)部應(yīng)安裝射流攪拌裝置,確保箱內(nèi)藥液均勻;加藥口應(yīng)分離,如兩個(gè)藥箱間隔距離較近,應(yīng)在加藥口處增設(shè)防濺隔離擋板,并在加藥口與藥箱連接處增設(shè)導(dǎo)流槽,避免加藥過(guò)程中藥液飛濺、混液。
 
  2. 液泵和藥液管路改造
 
  兩套系統(tǒng)的液泵應(yīng)分設(shè),液泵應(yīng)采用驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供動(dòng)力,提升行駛速度與施藥量的同步性,不能采用加裝獨(dú)立動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)或使用電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)等方式。液泵應(yīng)具備調(diào)壓、穩(wěn)壓功能,避免噴霧不均勻;應(yīng)具備清洗功能,避免上次作業(yè)藥液殘留造成藥害。
 
  液泵改造后,噴霧系統(tǒng)應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)各自獨(dú)立控制,可分別控制藥液管路壓力和流量,實(shí)現(xiàn)大豆帶和玉米帶不同施藥量一體化作業(yè)。
 
  藥液管路應(yīng)分設(shè),采用不同顏色區(qū)分,并固定在機(jī)具噴桿上;管路接頭應(yīng)使用快接頭配件連接,不能采用鐵絲、綁帶等方式,提高藥液管路接頭處密封性,避免高壓條件下滴漏藥液。
 
  3. 隔離防護(hù)裝置改造
 
  不同作物種植帶間和噴桿噴霧機(jī)兩端應(yīng)加裝隔離防護(hù)裝置,避免藥液飄移,造成藥害,可使用輕質(zhì)塑料板或防水布簾等機(jī)構(gòu)或裝置。應(yīng)統(tǒng)籌考慮作業(yè)時(shí)行駛路線,隔離防護(hù)裝置應(yīng)設(shè)置在大豆、玉米帶間,具體位置根據(jù)大豆、玉米植株生長(zhǎng)情況確定,以提高機(jī)具通過(guò)性。隔離防護(hù)裝置宜具備可移動(dòng)、可升降功能。如噴桿寬度與種植帶寬度不匹配,兩端噴桿可空置,即作業(yè)幅寬可小于噴桿寬度。
 
  隔離防護(hù)裝置應(yīng)垂直于地面并與機(jī)具行駛方向平行,寬度不小于50cm,高度應(yīng)基本覆蓋噴桿至地面,隔離防護(hù)裝置底端與地面距離不應(yīng)大于10cm。隔離防護(hù)裝置一般采用左右兩側(cè)安裝方式,如需在風(fēng)速超過(guò)5m/s(相當(dāng)于3級(jí)風(fēng))時(shí)噴施除草劑,應(yīng)采用左、右、后三側(cè)安裝方式,后側(cè)隔離防護(hù)裝置安裝時(shí)應(yīng)考慮作物植株高度及形狀。
 
  4. 噴頭體改造
 
  兩套系統(tǒng)的噴頭體應(yīng)分設(shè),應(yīng)采用同種型號(hào)的噴頭體,并配有穩(wěn)壓閥;噴頭體應(yīng)選擇3噴頭旋轉(zhuǎn)式,配備適用大、中、小不同噴液量的噴頭,并可實(shí)現(xiàn)快速更換噴頭帽;宜配置防風(fēng)噴頭,減少藥液霧滴飄移,避免造成藥害。選擇噴嘴型號(hào)時(shí),應(yīng)考慮藥劑種類、性狀、噴液量、作物不同生長(zhǎng)期和濕度、溫度、風(fēng)力等氣象條件。
 
  噴頭間距應(yīng)根據(jù)噴嘴的噴霧角度確定,如80型噴頭的間距為40cm,110型和120型噴頭的間距為50cm;種植帶寬度與噴頭間距不匹配時(shí),可在兩側(cè)位置設(shè)置側(cè)噴頭(半幅噴頭間距);如仍不能匹配,可采取小幅(不超過(guò)半幅噴頭間距)重噴方式多設(shè)置噴頭??拷綦x防護(hù)裝置的噴頭宜配置邊行噴頭,空間距離應(yīng)略大于噴幅,避免大量藥液霧滴噴施在隔離防護(hù)裝置上,造成藥液浪費(fèi)。
 
  5. 其他改造
 
  中后期施藥時(shí),大豆、玉米植株高度差異較大,且玉米植株高大,應(yīng)采用噴桿連接吊噴桿方式。
 
  四、谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)改造
 
  目前,谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)保有量較大,一般用于小麥、水稻等作物收獲,通過(guò)割臺(tái)、滾筒、清選等部件調(diào)整改造,可實(shí)現(xiàn)大豆收獲。
 
  (一)適宜調(diào)整改造機(jī)具的選擇
 
  大豆先收時(shí),應(yīng)選擇窄幅谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī),整機(jī)寬度應(yīng)至少小于玉米帶間距離20cm以上,防止收獲作業(yè)時(shí),夾帶玉米植株,造成損失;玉米先收,大豆后收時(shí),不存在玉米植株影響作業(yè)問(wèn)題,可根據(jù)現(xiàn)有機(jī)具情況選擇適宜的谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)。
 
  (二)調(diào)整改造實(shí)現(xiàn)大豆收獲
 
  1. 割臺(tái)調(diào)整改造
 
  宜選配割幅匹配的大豆收獲專用撓性割臺(tái),適應(yīng)不同地形作業(yè),降低收獲損失率。應(yīng)降低撥禾輪旋轉(zhuǎn)線速度,與收獲作業(yè)行駛速度相匹配,減少撥禾輪和彈齒對(duì)大豆禾棵的擊打;根據(jù)機(jī)型不同,可采用調(diào)整撥禾輪無(wú)級(jí)變速手柄方式,也可采用在撥禾輪主動(dòng)皮帶輪上增加墊片方式。應(yīng)將撥禾輪彈齒更換為尼龍彈齒,降低撥禾輪彈齒對(duì)豆莢的梳刷打擊強(qiáng)度,減少割臺(tái)損失。
 
  2. 滾筒調(diào)整改造
 
  為降低大豆脫粒時(shí)破碎率,應(yīng)降低脫粒滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速,線速度一般為17—19m/s;根據(jù)機(jī)型不同,優(yōu)先采用調(diào)整檔位方式,如不具備該功能可采用更換不同直徑皮帶輪方式。應(yīng)減少滾筒脫粒齒桿數(shù)量,如由原六根齒桿減少到三根齒桿,可有效減少大豆?jié)L筒破碎。應(yīng)將升運(yùn)器結(jié)構(gòu)型式改造為斗式。
 
  3. 清選系統(tǒng)調(diào)整改造
 
  應(yīng)改造復(fù)脫器實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)脫時(shí)大豆籽粒的完整;葉輪復(fù)脫器,可采用拆除復(fù)脫器渦殼搓板方式;定盤(pán)、旋轉(zhuǎn)搓盤(pán)復(fù)脫器,應(yīng)拆下定盤(pán)和旋轉(zhuǎn)搓盤(pán),在雜余攪龍內(nèi)側(cè)加裝隔套,將定盤(pán)和旋轉(zhuǎn)搓盤(pán)更換為傳統(tǒng)的葉輪復(fù)脫器,并在葉輪外側(cè)加裝隔套,拆下復(fù)脫器渦殼上的搓板。應(yīng)調(diào)整改造網(wǎng)篩適應(yīng)大豆收獲,優(yōu)先采用鋼板沖孔篩;如采用魚(yú)鱗篩,應(yīng)調(diào)大篩片開(kāi)度至適宜位置;如有必要,可在清選篩頂部增鋪編織網(wǎng)篩,降低大豆收獲含雜率。應(yīng)增大凹板間隙至3cm,如最大凹板間隙不足3cm,應(yīng)調(diào)整至最大凹板間隙。應(yīng)調(diào)整清選風(fēng)量,滿足大豆清選要求;優(yōu)先采用調(diào)整進(jìn)風(fēng)口擋板方式,如有必要再采用改變風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速方式。
 
  五、注意事項(xiàng)
 
  受改造材質(zhì)、加工條件、操作水平限制,調(diào)整改造機(jī)具與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品不同,個(gè)體之間可能存在較大差異,應(yīng)將調(diào)整改造機(jī)具試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證作為必要條件。調(diào)整改造后,應(yīng)逐一檢查核對(duì)調(diào)整改造部位,確保調(diào)整改造狀態(tài)到位;啟動(dòng)前,應(yīng)開(kāi)展整車(chē)檢查,確認(rèn)各部件安全技術(shù)狀態(tài)良好;啟動(dòng)后,應(yīng)及時(shí)觀察作業(yè)狀態(tài),一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)卡頓、異響、漏液,第一時(shí)間關(guān)閉發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),停車(chē)檢查,避免發(fā)生人身傷害和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失;試作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)適時(shí)查驗(yàn)作業(yè)質(zhì)量、調(diào)整機(jī)具參數(shù),確保作業(yè)質(zhì)量達(dá)標(biāo);小范圍試作業(yè)成功后再開(kāi)展大面積作業(yè)。
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