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關(guān)于印發(fā)《2021年冬小麥抗?jié)駪?yīng)變機(jī)械化播種技術(shù)指引》的通知

2021-10-11 15:08:22 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站 閱讀量：20404 評論

導(dǎo)讀：受連續(xù)陰雨寡照天氣影響，黃淮海部分地區(qū)土壤水分過分飽和、田塊出現(xiàn)積水，對前茬收獲和小麥播種帶來不利影響。針對當(dāng)前氣象條件和生產(chǎn)形勢，提出小麥抗?jié)駪?yīng)變機(jī)械化播種技術(shù)指導(dǎo)措施，供各地參考。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 通知公告】 農(nóng)機(jī)化總站〔2021〕47號
 
　　各有關(guān)單位：
 
　　我站聯(lián)合農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組小麥專業(yè)組制定了《2021年冬小麥抗?jié)駪?yīng)變機(jī)械化播種技術(shù)指引》，現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們。請結(jié)合實際，加強(qiáng)秋冬種期間技術(shù)培訓(xùn)與指導(dǎo)，切實做好今年冬小麥機(jī)械化播種作業(yè)，為保障國家糧食安全提供更有力的機(jī)械化支撐。
 
　　附件：2021年冬小麥抗?jié)駪?yīng)變機(jī)械化播種技術(shù)指引
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
 
　　2021年10月11日
 
　　附件
 
2021年冬小麥抗?jié)駪?yīng)變機(jī)械化播種技術(shù)指引
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組小麥專業(yè)組
 
　　受連續(xù)陰雨寡照天氣影響，黃淮海部分地區(qū)土壤水分過分飽和、田塊出現(xiàn)積水，對前茬收獲和小麥播種帶來不利影響。針對當(dāng)前氣象條件和生產(chǎn)形勢，提出小麥抗?jié)駪?yīng)變機(jī)械化播種技術(shù)指導(dǎo)措施，供各地參考。
 
　　一、搶排積水，開展機(jī)械散墑。對田間積水嚴(yán)重的地塊，應(yīng)動員各方力量，采用排灌設(shè)備抓緊抽排積水；對一般積水地塊，盡快疏通溝渠排水，開挖深溝瀝水，為農(nóng)機(jī)盡快進(jìn)地創(chuàng)造條件。對土壤濕度過大地塊，適時采用深松、深耕、淺翻深松、秸稈青貯等方式進(jìn)行晾田散墑，待墑情適宜時再進(jìn)行平整土地；深松、深耕等大牽引力作業(yè)時，應(yīng)考慮拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)地問題，防止陷機(jī)；旋耕整地時，鎮(zhèn)壓要輕，以利散墑。
 
　　二、因地制宜，適時處理秸稈。由于降雨導(dǎo)致秸稈濕度過大不易粉碎，應(yīng)盡量采取秸稈離田方式。玉米果穗收獲后不要急于粉碎，待自然風(fēng)干后再粉碎還田；還田作業(yè)時應(yīng)合理選擇作業(yè)速度，定期檢查刀片有無缺損，確保秸稈還田作業(yè)質(zhì)量。也可采用帶狀旋耕施肥小麥免耕播種機(jī)，開展間隔性秸稈粉碎和小麥播種，留出空行空間處理粉碎秸稈。
 
　　三、改裝機(jī)具，提高通過能力。在無積水但泥濘田塊，普通輪式拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)地易陷機(jī)，可將驅(qū)動輪改裝成三角履帶行走裝置，或加裝一副驅(qū)動輪胎，提高機(jī)具通過能力，減少輪胎對土地的碾壓。(可根據(jù)機(jī)具配置對加裝三角履帶行走裝置進(jìn)行補貼。)
 
　　四、搶時播種，提升播種質(zhì)量。堅持播期服從墑情，避免由于濕地?fù)尣?，機(jī)械進(jìn)地過度壓實土壤影響播種質(zhì)量；如實際播種期遲于最晚適宜播期，應(yīng)根據(jù)種植經(jīng)驗視晚播天數(shù)適當(dāng)加大播量，或選擇適宜晚播早熟的半冬偏春性小麥品種；應(yīng)適當(dāng)淺播，播深以2-3厘米為宜，行走速度不宜超過5公里/小時。播種機(jī)可增加覆土彌合疏松表土裝置，提倡采用旋耕、施肥、播種、鎮(zhèn)壓等多功能復(fù)式作業(yè)機(jī)具，避免機(jī)具重復(fù)進(jìn)地破壞土壤，減少作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)，提高作業(yè)效率，加快播種進(jìn)度。(有條件的地區(qū)，可對復(fù)式作業(yè)一體化技術(shù)開展作業(yè)補貼。)播種完成后待表層有干時進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓，細(xì)碎表土，確保一播全苗、安全越冬。
 
　　五、搶防病蟲，確保苗全苗壯。由于土壤濕度較大，增加了病蟲草害發(fā)生的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)針對當(dāng)?shù)刂饕∠x害，科學(xué)選用藥劑，做好種子包衣或藥劑拌種，減輕小麥苗期病蟲害發(fā)生基數(shù)。對小麥草害，土壤墑情好的情況下，播后苗前選用適宜除草劑進(jìn)行封閉化學(xué)除草；翌年春后根據(jù)雜草發(fā)生情況，選用適宜藥劑，對雜草發(fā)生較重的田塊進(jìn)行局部化學(xué)除草。

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