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2019-11-28 17:21:56 來源:農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:38841 評論

導(dǎo)讀:《中共中央 國務(wù)院關(guān)于保持土地承包關(guān)系穩(wěn)定并長久不變的意見》(簡稱《意見》)日前已正式公布,11月28日,國務(wù)院新聞辦公室召開新聞發(fā)布會,就《意見》進(jìn)行解讀并答記者問。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】 《中共中央 國務(wù)院關(guān)于保持土地承包關(guān)系穩(wěn)定并長久不變的意見》(簡稱《意見》)日前已正式公布,11月28日,國務(wù)院新聞辦公室召開新聞發(fā)布會,就《意見》進(jìn)行解讀并答記者問。
 
  如何組織實施以確保“長久不變”的政策落地?
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部部長韓長賦表示,這次《意見》明確規(guī)定:一是堅持延包原則,延包是一個原則,不得將承包地打亂重分,要確保絕大多數(shù)農(nóng)戶原有承包地繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定。絕大多數(shù)農(nóng)戶原來包哪個地,還是哪個地,所以延包是原則。二是延包的起點以各地第二輪土地承包到期開始計算,承包期還是三十年。具體到一個地方,特別是到一個縣,是從二輪承包到期為起點開始算起。
 
  如何組織實施還有很多問題需要探索,有些問題還要通過探索來解決。主要是三個方面的工作,從目前講:一是把證書發(fā)到農(nóng)民手中。從2014年起,我們開始推進(jìn)承包地的確權(quán)登記頒證,經(jīng)過六年來的集中攻堅,這項工作已經(jīng)基本完成。目前發(fā)證率超過94%,下一步要繼續(xù)抓好掃尾,做到應(yīng)發(fā)盡發(fā),要把現(xiàn)在農(nóng)戶的承包地明確下來,進(jìn)一步確定下來。二是健全配套法律政策。按照新修訂的《農(nóng)村土地承包法》,這個剛剛修訂并已經(jīng)實施了,要抓緊修改完善《土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)管理辦法》等相關(guān)配套法律法規(guī)和政策措施。因為關(guān)于土地承包、延包,那里面都有明確的法律表述,要進(jìn)一步完善配套政策,還要依法來進(jìn)行這項工作。三是開展延包試點。準(zhǔn)備在一部分縣,主要是先期到期的縣開展第二輪土地承包到期后的延包試點,現(xiàn)在我們正在組織申報。通過試點,來摸索經(jīng)驗,指導(dǎo)基層探索延包的具體辦法。關(guān)于延包,在大面積操作實行之前,中央以及有關(guān)部門還會出臺指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  進(jìn)城農(nóng)民的承包地應(yīng)該如何處置?
 
  韓部長說,這個問題是大家關(guān)心也是比較熱議的問題,不僅進(jìn)城的農(nóng)民關(guān)心,不進(jìn)城的農(nóng)民也關(guān)心。
 
  隨著城鎮(zhèn)化的加快推進(jìn),大量農(nóng)民進(jìn)城,全國現(xiàn)在進(jìn)城務(wù)工經(jīng)商的農(nóng)民大約是2.88億,其中舉家進(jìn)城務(wù)工經(jīng)商的有3000多萬戶。所以有的村里的房子閑著,存在“空心村”現(xiàn)象。其中,相當(dāng)一部分在城里落戶了,但是多數(shù)過年過節(jié)時還回村里??偟膩碇v,舉家進(jìn)城落戶的農(nóng)戶越來越多,這種現(xiàn)象越來越普遍。
 
  進(jìn)城農(nóng)戶的承包地怎么處置?這關(guān)系到農(nóng)民的切身利益,也關(guān)系到農(nóng)村社會穩(wěn)定??偟闹v,我們在土地問題上要有足夠的歷史耐心,不要著急,不要急于收回農(nóng)民的承包地。我們在土地問題上,要尊重農(nóng)民的意愿和維護農(nóng)民權(quán)益,把選擇權(quán)交給農(nóng)民,由農(nóng)民選擇,而不是代替農(nóng)民選擇。
 
  這次出臺的《意見》明確提出,現(xiàn)階段不得以退出土地承包權(quán)作為農(nóng)戶進(jìn)城落戶的條件。對進(jìn)城落戶的農(nóng)民,一方面可以引導(dǎo)他們在依法自愿有償?shù)脑瓌t下,將承包地轉(zhuǎn)讓或者退還集體,前提是自愿有償。另一方面,也可以保留承包權(quán)、流轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)營權(quán)或者通過代耕托管等方式發(fā)展多種形式的適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營。他自愿,可以在自愿有償?shù)那闆r下,當(dāng)然要依法,將承包地退還給集體,或者在集體成員內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)讓他的承包權(quán)。他不愿意,就要保留承包權(quán),允許他通過流轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)營權(quán)或者通過代耕托管的方式來發(fā)展多種形式適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營。對長期棄耕拋荒承包地的,《意見》也有明確的政策。發(fā)包方可以依法采取措施予以糾正,不能長期撂荒,這是不可以的。
 
  在此我想再強調(diào)一下,對進(jìn)城農(nóng)戶是否放棄承包地,要尊重農(nóng)民的意愿,可以示范和引導(dǎo),但不能搞強迫命令。
 
  承包土地確權(quán)登記頒證工作目前進(jìn)展如何?
 
  韓部長表示,開展農(nóng)村承包地確權(quán)登記頒證工作是黨中央做出的一項重大決策部署。開展這項工作的初衷,就是要穩(wěn)定土地承包關(guān)系,給農(nóng)民吃“定心丸”,同時把土地承包的情況進(jìn)一步搞清楚。這項工作,在2014年以前就開始試點,中央農(nóng)辦、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部和中央有關(guān)部門組織開展試點,從2014年開始全面推開。到2018年底,這項確權(quán)工作已經(jīng)基本完成,今年是開始“回頭看”,因為這項工作非常具體,工作也非常浩繁。
 
  通過確權(quán)登記,全國累計測量了11億個地塊,我前面講了,我們是15億多畝承包地,有11億地塊,很多地方土地單塊面積還是不大的。清理了2億多農(nóng)戶的檔案資料,可以說通過這次確權(quán)登記摸清了家底,解決了長期以來農(nóng)村土地四至不清、面積不準(zhǔn)、權(quán)屬不明等問題。這項工作在確權(quán)登記基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行頒證,叫“確實權(quán)、頒鐵證”,把改革開放以來的農(nóng)村土地承包關(guān)系,也包括承包的地塊,進(jìn)一步搞明白、搞清楚,而且這個確權(quán)登記是好幾次公開,要在村里公開,同時政府主管部門要登記、錄入。大家都清楚,這項工作各方反映成效是顯著的,強化了對農(nóng)民土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)的物權(quán)保護,農(nóng)民拿到了證書,他對自己的承包地就放心、就踏實,他就可以放心地流轉(zhuǎn)他的土地經(jīng)營權(quán),他也可以開展土地經(jīng)營權(quán)的抵押和擔(dān)保。
 
  大家可以看到,這項工作實際上為將要開展的第二輪到期后的新一輪延包打下了扎實基礎(chǔ)。所以這次中央《意見》明確要求,在延包工作中要以這一次承包地確權(quán)登記頒證為基礎(chǔ)。您剛才說到,證書頒發(fā)了以后到下一輪承包還有沒有效?我可以明確回答,是有效的?!兑庖姟分v得已經(jīng)很清楚,已頒發(fā)的土地承包權(quán)利證書,在新的承包期繼續(xù)有效,且不變不換。有一個技術(shù)上的問題,證書記載的承包期限,到延包時再做統(tǒng)一變更。
 
  無地和少地的農(nóng)戶權(quán)益該如何保障?
 
  韓部長說,二輪承包以來,因為承包農(nóng)戶家庭人口變動等原因,一些承包農(nóng)戶之間占有的耕地不均,這也是必然、客觀的情況,生老病死是客觀現(xiàn)象。也有一些農(nóng)戶少地甚至無地,當(dāng)時也有的農(nóng)戶是二輪承包時舉家進(jìn)城打工了,也有的主動提出放棄參加第二輪承包了,這種情況也有。他們的土地承包權(quán)益如何保障?也是落實長久不變政策需要解決的問題。我們對這個問題高度重視,通過各地進(jìn)行的初步調(diào)查和統(tǒng)計,大體上這部分農(nóng)戶占總農(nóng)戶的0.94%,不到1%?!兑庖姟穼Υ俗鞒雒鞔_規(guī)定,第二輪承包到期后,應(yīng)堅持延包原則,不得將承包地打亂重分,現(xiàn)有承包地在二輪承包期期滿以后由農(nóng)戶繼續(xù)承包,有自然災(zāi)害損毀等特殊情形時,可按照大穩(wěn)定、小調(diào)整的原則,按照法定程序可以在個別農(nóng)戶間做適當(dāng)調(diào)整,但是要依法依規(guī)、從嚴(yán)掌握??偟膩碚f,不是通過把地打亂重分的方式來解決無地或者少地農(nóng)戶的問題,有的情況可以本著“大穩(wěn)定、小調(diào)整”的原則進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整,但只是在個別農(nóng)戶間,還要依法依規(guī)進(jìn)行。
 
  做這樣的規(guī)定是怎么考慮的呢?主要是考慮要保持承包關(guān)系的穩(wěn)定。農(nóng)業(yè)家庭經(jīng)營關(guān)鍵是有穩(wěn)定預(yù)期,農(nóng)民有了長期的穩(wěn)定的自主經(jīng)營的土地,他才能有穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)營預(yù)期和長遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)營打算,才能放心地在土地上謀發(fā)展、增加投入、改善生產(chǎn)條件,提高土地的質(zhì)量。他既種地,還要保護這個地。如果承包地不斷調(diào)來調(diào)去,一個農(nóng)戶今年種這塊地,明年種那塊地,就難以愛惜土地、養(yǎng)護土地,甚至可能出現(xiàn)掠奪性的利用土地,這樣農(nóng)業(yè)就難以持續(xù)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。在承包期內(nèi)是這樣,承包到期后延包的時候也是一樣的道理,主要是從保護農(nóng)戶的承包權(quán)益和保障農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展兩個方面角度考慮的。
 
  無地少地農(nóng)戶怎么辦?如何保障他們的基本生活呢?各地也在研究和探索。一方面,有條件的地方可以通過集體預(yù)留的機動地,二輪承包的時候允許集體有條件可以留不超過5%的機動地;還有新開墾的耕地,以及原承包戶依法自愿交回的耕地,還有承包農(nóng)戶消亡了,集體依法收回的耕地,通過這些耕地來解決。另一方面,可以幫助無地少地的農(nóng)民通過流轉(zhuǎn)土地經(jīng)營權(quán)來耕種土地,也可以流轉(zhuǎn)其他進(jìn)城務(wù)工農(nóng)民的土地,他愿意流轉(zhuǎn)的土地你可以生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營。此外,還要在地外做文章,因為我們不能無限地分割耕地來解決這些問題,因為中國就是人多地少,這是我們的基本國情,所以還要從地外做文章,幫助無地少地的農(nóng)戶提高就業(yè)技能、提高就業(yè)服務(wù)、廣辟就業(yè)門路。我們一方面鼓勵農(nóng)民工外出進(jìn)城打工,實際上農(nóng)村現(xiàn)在大量甚至有些地方是多數(shù)的青壯勞動力沒有在家里種地,出去打工了。還有,在實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略當(dāng)中,習(xí)近平總書記提出要搞“五個振興”,其中一個就是鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)振興,就是發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè),推進(jìn)農(nóng)村一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)融合,發(fā)展倉儲保鮮、冷鏈物流、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工、農(nóng)村電商等,包括鄉(xiāng)村旅游,擴大農(nóng)民就業(yè)和增收的門路。當(dāng)然,可能還有確實生活無著有實際困難的,可以通過提供基本社會保障來解決。
 
  二輪承包即將到期,是否會影響新型經(jīng)營主體流轉(zhuǎn)土地的積極性?
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部黨組成員兼中央農(nóng)辦秘書局局長吳宏耀表示,《意見》規(guī)定了延包的原則和辦法,這次二輪土地承包到期以后要延包,強調(diào)穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)有的土地承包關(guān)系,讓絕大多數(shù)農(nóng)戶原有的承包地繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定。這一方面給承包戶一顆“定心丸”,同時給土地的受讓方,也就是新型經(jīng)營主體也吃下了“定心丸”,到期以后農(nóng)戶可以延包,經(jīng)營主體可以再簽續(xù)訂合同,可以延期流轉(zhuǎn)土地。這是一個途徑。
 
  新修訂的土地承包法也給出了一些方案。法律規(guī)定,經(jīng)承包方同意,受讓方可以依法投資改良土壤,建設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)輔助設(shè)施、配套設(shè)施,并按照合同約定對投資部分獲得合理補償。按照法律規(guī)定,投資主體對農(nóng)業(yè)的長期投資,可按照合同約定獲得合理補償。所以要求在尊重農(nóng)民意愿并進(jìn)行充分協(xié)商的基礎(chǔ)上,新型經(jīng)營主體在流轉(zhuǎn)土地時,可以通過合同約定等方式協(xié)商確定二輪到期后繼續(xù)經(jīng)營的具體條款。這在法律上給了保障。
 
  我們在調(diào)研中也看到,很多農(nóng)民和新型經(jīng)營主體在合同中都約定,在承包到期后,在政策允許的情況下,繼續(xù)由新型經(jīng)營主體,也就是原來的主體經(jīng)營,較好地解決了這方面的問題?,F(xiàn)在從政策上、法律上都給出了辦法,這方面的障礙可以消除。所以長時間流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)民的土地搞經(jīng)營活動,對農(nóng)業(yè)長期投資有一個比較穩(wěn)定、可預(yù)期的效果,所以這方面的政策是有的,法律也是有規(guī)定的。
 
  “三權(quán)分置”和保持土地承包關(guān)系穩(wěn)定并長久不變,二者是否有矛盾?
 
  韓部長說,我首先明確這兩件事并不矛盾。2016年中央印發(fā)了《關(guān)于完善農(nóng)村土地所有權(quán)承包權(quán)經(jīng)營權(quán)分置辦法的意見》,在農(nóng)村實行土地集體所有權(quán)、農(nóng)戶承包權(quán)和土地經(jīng)營權(quán)“三權(quán)分置”。這個制度安排,有兩點特別重要:,它是家庭承包制基礎(chǔ)上的完善和發(fā)展,就像我剛才介紹的兩權(quán)分離基礎(chǔ)上,把承包經(jīng)營權(quán)當(dāng)中的經(jīng)營權(quán)分置出來,它可以流轉(zhuǎn),實行“三權(quán)分置”。第二,這個制度安排順應(yīng)了許多農(nóng)民進(jìn)城打工以后,他想保留承包權(quán),但又不想或者是不方便經(jīng)營土地,就想流轉(zhuǎn)土地經(jīng)營權(quán),有這樣的一個愿望。同時,也滿足了一些種田能手、種糧大戶,以及一些新型經(jīng)營主體,包括家庭農(nóng)場想多種地的需求。制度設(shè)計是這樣的一個基本內(nèi)涵。
 
  現(xiàn)在大約多少土地在流轉(zhuǎn)?到2018年底,全國有5.39億畝耕地在不同主體間進(jìn)行流轉(zhuǎn)。流轉(zhuǎn)方式有多種,時間有長短,期限的問題剛才宏耀同志已經(jīng)說明了。所以“三權(quán)分置”的制度安排,實際上是順應(yīng)了城市化、工業(yè)化和農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化需要,因為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化要使用機械,也需要適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營,所以土地經(jīng)營權(quán)需要流轉(zhuǎn)起來,因為土地經(jīng)營權(quán)本身也是生產(chǎn)要素,作為要素,它也應(yīng)該更有效地配置。
 
  當(dāng)然,流轉(zhuǎn)不流轉(zhuǎn)土地,是承包農(nóng)戶自己的愿望,是他自己的選擇和決定,誰也不能強迫,任何組織和個人不能強迫承包農(nóng)戶流轉(zhuǎn)或者不流轉(zhuǎn)土地經(jīng)營權(quán)。流轉(zhuǎn)的期限不能超過第二輪承包剩余期限,土地流轉(zhuǎn)了,還必須搞農(nóng)業(yè),不能從事非農(nóng)建設(shè),這都是法律規(guī)定的。在堅持集體所有權(quán)、穩(wěn)定農(nóng)戶承包權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上,使農(nóng)村土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流動起來,激發(fā)了農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營制度活力,這實際上也是對農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營制度的完善。
 
  這次發(fā)布的《意見》,強調(diào)了“兩不變,一穩(wěn)定”,既可以進(jìn)一步穩(wěn)定農(nóng)戶承包權(quán),使農(nóng)民放心地流轉(zhuǎn)土地,也能讓新型經(jīng)營主體有穩(wěn)定的預(yù)期,能夠放心地流入土地,加大農(nóng)業(yè)投入,發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)。前面我講,兩件事并不矛盾。這兩者的關(guān)系可以簡單地表述,穩(wěn)定是為了更好地放活,放活是為了長久的穩(wěn)定。只有土地承包關(guān)系穩(wěn)定了,才能確保“三權(quán)分置”得以確立,并且穩(wěn)步實施。如果承包權(quán)變來變?nèi)?,?jīng)營權(quán)就沒有了基礎(chǔ)。只有實行“三權(quán)分置”,放活土地經(jīng)營權(quán),承包關(guān)系才能保持長久穩(wěn)定,這樣農(nóng)戶的承包權(quán)才能更好地實現(xiàn),土地才能夠得到充分有效地利用。
 
  本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布,資料來源:中國政府網(wǎng),如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。
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