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對(duì)中藥材機(jī)械化發(fā)展的展望

2018-01-30 16:15:37 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：24531 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：近年來，中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛，在山西、甘肅、安徽等地，相比糧食作物，中藥材是其主要的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)，但是其機(jī)械化水平與糧食作物相比還有很大差距。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 近年來，中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛，在山西、甘肅、安徽等地，相比糧食作物，中藥材是其主要的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)，但是其機(jī)械化水平與糧食作物相比還有很大差距。
 

 
　　中藥材機(jī)械化發(fā)展的短板
 
　　中藥材品種繁多，播種采收要求各異，是種植機(jī)化的一個(gè)突出矛盾。王衛(wèi)權(quán)表示，要實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化播種，需要根據(jù)不同作物種子的千粒重、形狀，以及株行距、播種量、畝保苗株數(shù)、播種深度等進(jìn)行播種機(jī)的研究改造，還要考慮到穴播、條播、種植密度、播種深度等問題。如貝母的播種，黨參、當(dāng)歸的育苗播種，目前只能人工進(jìn)行。在采收環(huán)節(jié)，像枸杞、菊花等采摘果實(shí)、花、葉類的中藥材，機(jī)械化很難實(shí)施。
 
　　中藥材機(jī)械化設(shè)備研制成本相對(duì)較高，也是一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。針對(duì)枸杞等果實(shí)類藥材，日本研制出了光敏機(jī)械手，可以辨認(rèn)出成熟果實(shí)，但研發(fā)成本極高，農(nóng)民根本承擔(dān)不起，難以推廣。而國內(nèi)新研發(fā)的當(dāng)歸采收設(shè)備，自動(dòng)化程度高，但是普通藥農(nóng)也是無力承擔(dān)費(fèi)用。
 
　　中藥材種植相對(duì)分散的現(xiàn)狀也是影響機(jī)械化發(fā)展的重要因素。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國63%的中藥材資源分布在西部地區(qū)，80%以上的中藥材種植面積是由種植專業(yè)戶來投資的，這部分藥農(nóng)的種植面積基本都在100畝以下，其中絕大部分是幾畝、十幾畝。
 
　　為了克服中藥材機(jī)械化路上的困難，1月28日，國家中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系機(jī)械化功能研究室授牌儀式暨中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)研討會(huì)在工學(xué)院舉行。黃璐琦院士作了“以創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)中藥農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化”的主旨報(bào)告。報(bào)告從中藥的特點(diǎn)與中藥材生產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)兩方面介紹了中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)。李安寧副司長作了題為“當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的形勢與任務(wù)”的主旨報(bào)告。闡述了目前全國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化由中級(jí)階段向階段邁進(jìn)，但仍存在著“三高三低”、“三多三少”等主要問題與矛盾，在全面分析和總結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上，他指出了進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展的三大重要舉措。
 
　　除了專家和學(xué)者不遺余力的為中藥材機(jī)械化發(fā)展作努力，各地也都在積極探索如何攻克中藥材機(jī)械化瓶頸。
 
　　威海市文登區(qū)：為促進(jìn)中藥材規(guī)模化種植，近年來，文登大力推進(jìn)中藥材全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式。經(jīng)過近4年的引進(jìn)、研發(fā)和推廣，文登西洋參已實(shí)現(xiàn)收獲機(jī)械化。近年來，文登區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)局還著力推廣了小麥秸稈撿拾打捆和聯(lián)合深松整地技術(shù)，有效解決了西洋參生產(chǎn)中所需秸稈覆蓋和耕整地需求。2016年文登自發(fā)研制成功臺(tái)西洋參播種機(jī)，標(biāo)志著西洋參從播種到收獲已實(shí)現(xiàn)全程機(jī)械化。今年，區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)局積極爭取山東省農(nóng)機(jī)裝備研發(fā)項(xiàng)目，扶持農(nóng)機(jī)研發(fā)企業(yè)聯(lián)合科研部門全力突破技術(shù)瓶頸，自主研發(fā)丹參收獲機(jī)，為丹參產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供有力技術(shù)支撐。
 
　　宕昌縣：近年來，宕昌縣農(nóng)機(jī)局根據(jù)全縣中藥材生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，在省市主管部門的大力支持下，充分利用創(chuàng)建中藥材機(jī)械化收獲示范點(diǎn)的有利時(shí)機(jī)，為全面提升當(dāng)?shù)刂兴幉漠a(chǎn)業(yè)的科學(xué)化水平，解放勞動(dòng)力，降低生產(chǎn)成本，提高勞動(dòng)效率和市場競爭力，先后在理川、阿塢等鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)重點(diǎn)打造中藥材機(jī)械化收獲示范基地，大力引進(jìn)和推廣黃芪、黨參、當(dāng)歸、大黃等中藥材挖掘機(jī)械。通過舉辦現(xiàn)場演示會(huì)推廣了一批技術(shù)可靠、性能良好、作業(yè)效率高、適合當(dāng)?shù)刂兴幉臋C(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的作業(yè)機(jī)械，逐步破解了中藥材機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)過程中的瓶頸難題，降低了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，減少了勞動(dòng)成本，增加了農(nóng)民收入，助推了“扶貧”工作。
 
　　中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化對(duì)我國中醫(yī)中藥事業(yè)具有重要的意義，中藥材種植也已經(jīng)成為許多地方的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)，發(fā)展中藥材機(jī)械化事業(yè)不僅有利于我國的中醫(yī)中藥事業(yè)，對(duì)促進(jìn)地方增產(chǎn)、農(nóng)民增收也具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
 
　　目前在這一發(fā)展過程中，還存在著許多的瓶頸和掣肘，還需要各方和各地積極配合，廣泛推廣中藥材機(jī)械化技術(shù)，力求趕上我國糧食生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化的步伐。
 
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