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破解“新三農(nóng)”問題:發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化只是冰山一角

2017-11-20 14:19:23 來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者:秋雨 閱讀量:46511 評論

導(dǎo)讀:我國是一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國,農(nóng)村人口占全國人口的3/4,解決好農(nóng)民問題早已成為我國農(nóng)業(yè)及農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的重中之重。當(dāng)前,解決包括農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民在內(nèi)的“三農(nóng)“問題,努力減輕農(nóng)民不合理的負(fù)擔(dān),調(diào)整農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),確保糧食安全和讓農(nóng)民增收,是我國整個經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中關(guān)系全局的一個突出問題。

  【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】我國是一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國,農(nóng)村人口占全國人口的3/4,解決好農(nóng)民問題早已成為我國農(nóng)業(yè)及農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的重中之重。當(dāng)前,解決包括農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民在內(nèi)的"三農(nóng)"問題,努力減輕農(nóng)民不合理的負(fù)擔(dān),調(diào)整農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),確保糧食安全和讓農(nóng)民增收,是我國整個經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中關(guān)系全局的一個突出問題。
 
  我國“三農(nóng)”問題于2003年正式寫入工作報告當(dāng)中。近年來,我國農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整正有序推進(jìn),農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展大步邁進(jìn),但隨著工業(yè)化和城鎮(zhèn)化的快速發(fā)展,“農(nóng)村空心化”“農(nóng)業(yè)邊緣化”“農(nóng)民老齡化”等現(xiàn)象日益突出,“新三農(nóng)”問題亟待破解。
  
  農(nóng)業(yè)人口減少
 
  很多人都認(rèn)為,日本農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平程度之高是由于人口老齡化的原因,其實這只是其中的原因之一。日本是一個人口眾多,但土地和耕地面積相對較少的國家,糧食問題顯得非常重要。二戰(zhàn)后,日本政府選擇通過大力發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化來提高農(nóng)業(yè)糧食作物的生產(chǎn)。
 
  1955年后,日本的礦工業(yè)發(fā)展速度超過了農(nóng)業(yè),并帶動農(nóng)業(yè)人口向工業(yè)和其他產(chǎn)業(yè)部門的轉(zhuǎn)移,農(nóng)業(yè)人口減少明顯,對農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的需求變得更加強烈,從而也就更大力地推動了農(nóng)機(jī)化的發(fā)展。
 
  在我國,隨著城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展,人口轉(zhuǎn)移,農(nóng)村人口也大大減少,因此,我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的快速發(fā)展,可以很好的彌補,農(nóng)業(yè)人口的短缺,以及農(nóng)村勞動力的減少。
 
  政府高度扶持
 
  日本的農(nóng)業(yè)是國家政策高度扶持的農(nóng)業(yè),大米被稱為“國米”,水稻生產(chǎn)就更是政府高度重視和扶持的產(chǎn)業(yè)。
 
  我們都知道,日本是一個狹長島國,人多地少,耕地不連片,地塊“小而散”。可以說,日本是典型的精耕細(xì)作型的“水稻小農(nóng)業(yè)”。日本的水稻生產(chǎn)機(jī)械 ,也是為了適應(yīng)水稻的生產(chǎn)特點而發(fā)展的,所以日本的水稻機(jī)械以中小型、精制為主。農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的制造質(zhì)量高,性能先進(jìn),新產(chǎn)品的更新迭代速度也快。
 
  雖然,日本的水稻機(jī)械產(chǎn)品價格要高,但是相對于日本水稻的價格來算,就低了很多,因為日本水稻的價格在十年前就已經(jīng)是我國的10倍了。再加之,日本政府的高比例、大額度、多補貼的政策,形成了水稻機(jī)械化的良性健康發(fā)展環(huán)境。
 
  相比于我國,耕地土地同樣也是較為分散,但由于我國國土遼闊,氣候環(huán)境跨度較大,造成東北地區(qū)土地連片較多,中原地區(qū)耕地面積小而散,以及水田,丘陵,戈壁等耕地作業(yè)地形復(fù)雜,不是僅僅某一個機(jī)型就能解決的。因此,我國農(nóng)機(jī)化需要更多能夠適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)刈鳂I(yè)環(huán)境的機(jī)械出現(xiàn),同時也說明,現(xiàn)階段我國農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展的步伐還是很快的。
 
  專家觀點
 
  “新三農(nóng)”面臨的問題也是現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中的必然現(xiàn)象,也是正常現(xiàn)象。在面臨這一問題的解決辦法上,在國務(wù)院發(fā)展研究中心主任李偉看來,實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略,關(guān)鍵是要抓住“人、地、錢”三項。
 
  李偉指出,從“人”來看,就是要在繼續(xù)推動農(nóng)業(yè)人口轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)城、降低鄉(xiāng)村人口占比的同時,注重解決農(nóng)村人口和農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力的老齡化問題,引導(dǎo)部分農(nóng)民、農(nóng)民工返鄉(xiāng);從“地”來看,就是要鞏固和完善農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營制度,深化農(nóng)村土地制度改革,完善承包地“三權(quán)”分置制度;從“錢”來看,就是要按照堅持農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村優(yōu)先發(fā)展的理念,使公共資源配置優(yōu)先向“三農(nóng)”傾斜。
 
  雖然,我國農(nóng)村公共服務(wù)體系的“大框架”已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了從“無”到“有”的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)變,但更應(yīng)把從“有”到“好”作為主攻方向,加大完善和保障城鄉(xiāng)居民的一致化,減少城鄉(xiāng)服務(wù)差異性,城鄉(xiāng)一體化進(jìn)程健康發(fā)展,營造“新三農(nóng)”問題的政策服務(wù)后備力量。
 
  中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(qktnz.cn)原創(chuàng),轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。
 
  部分資料來源:人民網(wǎng)
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