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發(fā)展蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化既是刻不容緩 又要假以時(shí)日

2017-11-10 15:56:46 來(lái)源:中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者:小虎牙 閱讀量:44140 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:從我國(guó)大力推行糧食作物機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)以來(lái),各方面都取得了很明顯的成效,但是在蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)方面,還存在很多薄弱的環(huán)節(jié),綠葉菜的機(jī)械化采收便是一大難題。

  【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 從我國(guó)大力推行糧食作物機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)以來(lái),各方面都取得了很明顯的成效,但是在蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)方面,還存在很多薄弱的環(huán)節(jié),綠葉菜的機(jī)械化采收便是一大難題。
 
發(fā)展蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化既是刻不容緩 又要假以時(shí)日
 
  現(xiàn)狀
 
  目前我國(guó)蔬菜生產(chǎn)綜合機(jī)械化水平相當(dāng)?shù)?,蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化仍處于初始階段,與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比,更是相差甚遠(yuǎn)。
 
  我國(guó)是蔬菜生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)大國(guó),常年生產(chǎn)的蔬菜囊括14大類150多種,種類如此繁多,而地區(qū)之間的差異化種植,導(dǎo)致蔬菜種植無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一的種植規(guī)范,沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的種植標(biāo)準(zhǔn),便難以實(shí)現(xiàn)全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn);其次,由于蔬菜生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)多、機(jī)具品種多、利用率不高等問(wèn)題,導(dǎo)致蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)和使用成本較高,如此一來(lái),農(nóng)戶購(gòu)置蔬菜機(jī)械的積極性便會(huì)受到影響;再次,蔬菜機(jī)械進(jìn)入購(gòu)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼目錄的產(chǎn)品相對(duì)較少,有的因成熟度不高無(wú)法列入補(bǔ)貼名錄,這在一定程度上也會(huì)影響農(nóng)戶的購(gòu)買熱情;另外,創(chuàng)新能力不足,短板凸顯也是蔬菜機(jī)械化實(shí)施過(guò)程中的攔路虎,目前,耕整地環(huán)節(jié)基本可以解決,種的環(huán)節(jié)也已部分解決,難就難在采收上,尤其對(duì)于綠葉菜而言。
 
  探索
 
  對(duì)于“三天不見(jiàn)青,兩眼冒金星”的上海市民而言,綠葉菜是上海人的餐桌標(biāo)配,如何實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜的機(jī)械化生產(chǎn),上海相關(guān)部門也進(jìn)行了不懈的努力。
 
  2012年上海市農(nóng)機(jī)所與相關(guān)公司合作,從意大利引進(jìn)了精細(xì)耕整作畦機(jī)、精量播種機(jī)和綠葉菜收割機(jī)等葉菜類生產(chǎn)機(jī)械,成立《蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與裝備的研究》課題組,在不斷的改進(jìn)與試驗(yàn)下,前后花了半年多的時(shí)間研究出了進(jìn)口機(jī)械的同款國(guó)產(chǎn)樣機(jī),其作業(yè)效果基本達(dá)到了進(jìn)口機(jī)械作業(yè)水平。
 
  到2014年11月,臺(tái)國(guó)產(chǎn)綠葉菜收割機(jī)樣機(jī)終于完成,在上海市農(nóng)科院莊行基地進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)性試驗(yàn)應(yīng)用后獲得相關(guān)專家肯定。在引進(jìn)消化吸收再創(chuàng)新的道路上,上海市農(nóng)機(jī)所從未停下腳步。目前農(nóng)機(jī)所已研發(fā)出適應(yīng)上?,F(xiàn)有8萬(wàn)畝設(shè)施大棚使用的小型履帶式蔬菜收獲機(jī)樣機(jī),該收獲機(jī)采用機(jī)電液一體化先進(jìn)技術(shù)和模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),運(yùn)用智能測(cè)控技術(shù),割臺(tái)全液壓地面仿形隨動(dòng),底盤采用一機(jī)多用設(shè)計(jì)理念,提高機(jī)具利用率和機(jī)動(dòng)性。與此同時(shí),棚內(nèi)用小型耕種機(jī)具也在積極研發(fā)中。
 
  融合
 
  加快蔬菜農(nóng)藝和農(nóng)機(jī)的融合:由于蔬菜品種繁多,在種植上沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范,使得蔬菜機(jī)械化種植對(duì)機(jī)械的要求相較于糧食機(jī)械來(lái)說(shuō)嚴(yán)格得多,這在一定程度上則需要集工程、機(jī)械、信息和農(nóng)藝技術(shù)于一體,也要求農(nóng)藝科技人員和農(nóng)機(jī)制造商相互配合。一方面,在農(nóng)藝上,農(nóng)藝師應(yīng)結(jié)合農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展需求開(kāi)發(fā)和推廣適合機(jī)械化作業(yè)的農(nóng)藝,如統(tǒng)一行距與株距、統(tǒng)一栽培模式等,在同一區(qū)域盡可能使用統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的農(nóng)藝;另一方面,農(nóng)機(jī)制造商應(yīng)從農(nóng)藝的角度研發(fā)蔬菜機(jī)械,讓農(nóng)機(jī)適應(yīng)農(nóng)藝,充分發(fā)揮二者相輔相成的作用,使蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化事業(yè)再上新臺(tái)階。
 
  結(jié)語(yǔ)
 
  10月26日,2017年中國(guó)蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展論壇在湖北省武漢市召開(kāi),與會(huì)專家一致認(rèn)為,要實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)的提質(zhì)增效,發(fā)展機(jī)械化勢(shì)在必行。盡管目前我國(guó)的蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)還存在諸多問(wèn)題,但是各方都在積極探索、攻堅(jiān)克難,發(fā)展蔬菜機(jī)械化事業(yè)既是刻不容緩,又要假以時(shí)日。
 
  版權(quán)聲明:本文由中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(qktnz.cn)原創(chuàng),轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。
 
  部分資料參考:東方城鄉(xiāng)報(bào)
 
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