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2024年甘蔗中后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見

2024-09-10 08:56:11 來源:全國農(nóng)技中心 閱讀量:11517 評論

導讀:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部糖料專家指導組,研究提出2024年甘蔗中后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當前是甘蔗糖分積累和產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時期。為加強甘蔗田間管理和生產(chǎn)指導,實現(xiàn)甘蔗豐產(chǎn)和蔗農(nóng)增收,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部糖料專家指導組,研究提出2024年甘蔗中后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。
 
  加強田間管理
 
  (一)排澇抗旱。近期,蔗區(qū)出現(xiàn)不同程度連續(xù)降雨天氣,部分蔗區(qū)出現(xiàn)漬澇,影響甘蔗伸長期生長。要及時開展田間排澇,加強蔗地排灌設(shè)施維護,在四周開挖環(huán)狀排水溝,中間開挖“十”字形、“豐”字形或“井”字形排水溝,將雨水排到蔗地外,降低田間地下水位。蔗區(qū)秋季發(fā)生氣象干旱風險較高,在丘陵、坡地等旱地蔗區(qū),有條件的可開挖引水溝,利用現(xiàn)有的灌溉設(shè)施,做好引水抗旱準備。
 
  (二)防風抗倒。如遇連續(xù)降雨、大風或臺風天氣,容易造成甘蔗倒伏。要及時扶正蔗株,在甘蔗三分之二高處,用繩子或枯葉將兩行甘蔗捆成“人”字形,或?qū)⑾噜彽膸字旮收崂Τ梢皇?,使其保持直立狀態(tài)。扶正的甘蔗植株恢復生長15天后,可解開捆綁物。
 
  (三)合理追肥。蔗區(qū)如遇持續(xù)降雨,易造成土壤肥力流失,應(yīng)結(jié)合甘蔗長勢及時追肥1次,每畝可施甘蔗配方復合肥20公斤,或尿素10公斤、磷肥20公斤、鉀肥5公斤,促進甘蔗糖分積累和產(chǎn)量形成。結(jié)合追肥及時進行大培土,使蔗根多生、深扎,提高抗倒伏能力。
 
  (四)剝?nèi)~通風。秋季甘蔗生長快,蔗田易郁蔽,要及時剝除枯葉,改善蔗田通風透光條件,減少養(yǎng)分消耗和病蟲害發(fā)生,提高甘蔗產(chǎn)量和糖分含量。一般每條蔗莖保留9—10片新葉為宜。對于濕度大、蔗葉茂密、病蟲害較重的蔗田,要多剝?nèi)~并把病葉枯葉帶出蔗田集中燒毀。
 
  加強病蟲害防控
 
  甘蔗生長中后期易遇高溫高濕天氣,雨熱交替易導致病蟲害多發(fā)并發(fā),影響甘蔗產(chǎn)量、糖分含量和宿根性。要注意進行蔗區(qū)巡查,及時開展病蟲害統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。主要病蟲害包括梢腐病、褐條病、赤腐病、銹病、薊馬、螟蟲、粘蟲、綿蚜等。病害防治可選用苯醚甲環(huán)唑、嘧菌酯等,螟蟲和粘蟲防治可選用甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽、殺蟲雙、殺蟲單、氯蟲苯甲酰胺等,薊馬和綿蚜防治可選用噻蟲嗪、噻蟲胺或吡蟲啉等。中后期病蟲多存在并發(fā)為害的情況,建議根據(jù)蔗區(qū)巡查發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要病蟲種類,科學復配“殺菌劑+殺蟲劑+葉面肥+助劑”,采用無人機或高壓噴槍等進行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治作業(yè),提高防控作業(yè)效率和防治質(zhì)量。
 
  抓好砍收作業(yè)
 
  甘蔗收獲應(yīng)以“先熟先收砍,晚熟晚收砍”為原則,先收早熟品種,再收中熟品種,最后收晚熟品種。甘蔗生長達到工藝成熟期后再進行砍收,砍收過早會影響甘蔗品質(zhì)和來年宿根發(fā)芽,一般11月下旬到12月下旬陸續(xù)開始砍收,有利于宿根蔗芽出土萌發(fā)。應(yīng)選擇晴天砍收甘蔗,具備條件的蔗田提倡采用聯(lián)合機收或分步式機收,不具備機收條件的蔗田人工砍收時,建議使用鋒利小鋤,砍收要快,使傷口平整,減少蔗樁破裂,提高下年出苗率。甘蔗不宜儲藏,砍收后要及時送到糖廠進行加工,并將蔗田的蔗葉等雜物及時清理干凈。
 
  做好甘蔗秋植
 
  甘蔗秋植是指立秋至立冬期間種植,到次年收獲的一種甘蔗栽培制度,是提高甘蔗單產(chǎn)的重要途徑,也是解決旱地蔗區(qū)冬春少雨干旱、甘蔗下種后出苗率低的有效措施。甘蔗秋植提倡采用高產(chǎn)高糖、宿根性強的甘蔗品種及其脫毒種苗,下種前進行土地深耕,施足基肥,下種量每畝5000—6000芽為宜。下種后及時噴施除草劑對蔗地進行封閉處理。
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