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遼寧省印發(fā)《玉米防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》

2024-08-12 09:42:58 來(lái)源:遼寧省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量:19540 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:針對(duì)上述情況,結(jié)合當(dāng)前和后期天氣情況及生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,提出以下田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新
 
遼寧省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳辦公室關(guān)于印發(fā)主要糧油作物防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)的通知
 
遼農(nóng)辦農(nóng)發(fā)〔2024〕417號(hào)
 
  各市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局,沈撫示范區(qū)社會(huì)事業(yè)局:
 
  為貫徹習(xí)近平總書(shū)記重要指示精神,落實(shí)黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院決策部署,按照農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部和省委、省政府工作要求,全力以赴抗災(zāi)奪豐收,省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳組織省農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心、省農(nóng)科院、沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)等單位有關(guān)專(zhuān)家,結(jié)合當(dāng)前和下步氣象條件、作物生長(zhǎng)情況,制定了玉米、水稻、大豆、花生等主要糧油作物防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們,請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際,強(qiáng)化指導(dǎo)服務(wù),抓好關(guān)鍵技術(shù)措施落實(shí)落地。
 
  遼寧省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳辦公室
 
  2024年8月5日
 
玉米防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
 
  當(dāng)前,我省玉米生長(zhǎng)進(jìn)入灌漿期,處于產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。入汛以來(lái),受副熱帶高壓及臺(tái)風(fēng)“格美”外圍云系等共同影響,我省部分地區(qū)發(fā)生持續(xù)性高強(qiáng)度降水,對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育造成一定影響,部分地區(qū)病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大。針對(duì)上述情況,結(jié)合當(dāng)前和后期天氣情況及生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,提出以下田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
  一、及時(shí)排灌保穩(wěn)產(chǎn)
 
  根據(jù)玉米長(zhǎng)勢(shì)和需水規(guī)律,結(jié)合天氣情況和土壤墑情,及時(shí)采取相應(yīng)的排灌措施,確保玉米正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成。發(fā)生洪澇災(zāi)害的地區(qū),對(duì)低洼積水地塊,及時(shí)疏通溝渠,調(diào)運(yùn)各類(lèi)排水機(jī)械,迅速排除田間積水,最大程度縮短植株受浸時(shí)間;對(duì)無(wú)明水的漬澇地塊,在田間挖瀝水溝降漬,加快降低土壤含水量,使植株盡快恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。后期如遭遇階段性高溫干旱,要結(jié)合天氣情況及土壤墑情和田間水利設(shè)施,采取滴灌、噴灌等補(bǔ)水灌溉,滿(mǎn)足植株對(duì)水分需求,減輕高溫干旱影響。
 
  二、適時(shí)追肥促生長(zhǎng)
 
  根據(jù)玉米長(zhǎng)勢(shì)和前期施肥情況,特別是發(fā)生洪澇田塊排水后,適時(shí)適量根際追施速效氮肥和鉀肥,并通過(guò)噴施葉面肥料及時(shí)補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)分供應(yīng),加快植株生長(zhǎng)恢復(fù)及灌漿,提升抗倒能力。噴施肥料時(shí)最好采用磷酸二氫鉀和植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑混噴的方式,可結(jié)合病蟲(chóng)害防治,通過(guò)無(wú)人機(jī)一并噴施肥料、殺菌劑、殺蟲(chóng)劑等,實(shí)現(xiàn)“一噴多防”、“一噴多促”,在防治病蟲(chóng)的同時(shí)補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)分,促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和灌漿。玉米大豆單產(chǎn)提升工程等具備水肥一體化設(shè)施設(shè)備的地塊,要及時(shí)調(diào)整水肥次數(shù)和肥料濃度,適時(shí)補(bǔ)充肥料。
 
  三、防控病蟲(chóng)降損失
 
  加強(qiáng)對(duì)田間病蟲(chóng)害的監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)查,特別是受洪澇影響和生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育滯后田塊,適時(shí)發(fā)布預(yù)警預(yù)報(bào),及時(shí)做好病蟲(chóng)害防治工作。受災(zāi)地塊針對(duì)玉米紋枯病、葉斑病、莖基腐病以及細(xì)菌性病害易爆發(fā),可結(jié)合殺菌劑、殺蟲(chóng)劑、葉面肥、蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等桶混噴霧防控1-2次;針對(duì)草地貪夜蛾、粘蟲(chóng)、棉鈴蟲(chóng)等遷飛性重大害蟲(chóng)在做好成蟲(chóng)監(jiān)測(cè)的同時(shí),抓好田間蟲(chóng)情排查,第一時(shí)間對(duì)高密度發(fā)生區(qū)實(shí)施集中有效統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,嚴(yán)防局部暴發(fā)成災(zāi)危害;針對(duì)玉米螟,可用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯ME、20%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺懸浮劑等高效低毒殺蟲(chóng)劑,在二代玉米螟始發(fā)初期進(jìn)行無(wú)人機(jī)藥劑噴霧預(yù)防。積極采用生物或物理方法進(jìn)行防控,重點(diǎn)采用無(wú)人機(jī)、高地隙打藥機(jī)等植保機(jī)械噴施高效、低毒、低殘留化學(xué)農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行點(diǎn)防點(diǎn)治或統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。在加強(qiáng)病蟲(chóng)害綠色防控基礎(chǔ)上,突出抓好高密度點(diǎn)片應(yīng)急化學(xué)防治與聯(lián)防聯(lián)控。
 
  四、加強(qiáng)管理防倒伏
 
  受洪澇災(zāi)害影響,部分地區(qū)玉米根系受損或發(fā)育不良,加大了玉米植株倒伏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)合理根際追施或葉面噴施鉀肥,維持根系活力,提高植株抗倒伏能力。發(fā)生倒伏后,應(yīng)視實(shí)際情況采取相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)救措施。對(duì)植株傾斜未完全倒伏的地塊,盡量維持現(xiàn)狀,依靠自身能力恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng);對(duì)植株完全倒伏、莖稈未折斷且植株未相互疊壓的地塊,根據(jù)實(shí)際情況及早墊扶果穗,防止果穗發(fā)芽霉變或及時(shí)扶起,并采取多株在穗上部綁扎互相支撐;對(duì)植株倒伏疊壓嚴(yán)重或莖稈折斷無(wú)法恢復(fù)的地塊,視情況及時(shí)搶收秸稈作青貯飼料,并適時(shí)改種短生育期作物,減少損失。
 
  五、預(yù)防早霜促早熟
 
  對(duì)受洪澇災(zāi)害影響導(dǎo)致生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育進(jìn)程延遲田塊,以及易受早霜影響地區(qū),要抓好防早霜促早熟措施落實(shí)。可噴施磷酸二氫鉀、蕓苔素內(nèi)脂等葉面肥,迅速補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)分,增強(qiáng)植株抗逆、抗寒能力,促生長(zhǎng)、促灌漿、促早熟。適時(shí)做好玉米站稈扒皮晾曬,加速玉米籽粒灌漿和成熟籽粒脫水,降低玉米含水量,促進(jìn)玉米早熟。同時(shí)采取割空株、打底葉等促早熟措施,改善田間通風(fēng)透光條件,減少養(yǎng)分消耗,促進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)移,加速成熟。一旦發(fā)生早霜,充分利用玉米的后熟作用適時(shí)晚收,適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)后熟生長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,充分發(fā)揮根莖儲(chǔ)存養(yǎng)分向籽粒傳送的作用,提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。
 
  水稻防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
 
  目前,我省水稻生長(zhǎng)已進(jìn)入抽穗灌漿期,總體生長(zhǎng)形勢(shì)較好,但部分地區(qū)發(fā)生持續(xù)性高強(qiáng)度降水,對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育造成一定影響,部分地區(qū)病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大。針對(duì)上述情況,結(jié)合汛期強(qiáng)降雨天氣以及立秋后氣溫下降、溫差較大的實(shí)際,提出以下田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
  一、加強(qiáng)管理防倒伏
 
  由于前期雨水足,水稻地上莖葉部分長(zhǎng)勢(shì)好,但根系未經(jīng)歷曬田晾田,發(fā)育不如往年,在生育后期或遭遇災(zāi)害性天氣時(shí)容易倒伏。因此,要合理、適時(shí)噴施生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑,促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng),提高莖稈韌性,增強(qiáng)水稻抗倒伏能力;因時(shí)排灌,保持稻田淺水層,灌漿結(jié)實(shí)期要以間歇灌溉為主,即灌一次淺水,待自然滲干至腳窩有水,再灌下一次淺水。此外,水稻抽穗后30天內(nèi)不可斷水,避免發(fā)生植株早衰和籽粒不飽滿(mǎn)。對(duì)由于洪澇災(zāi)害田間積水過(guò)多的地塊,要及時(shí)挖溝通渠,通過(guò)機(jī)械排水或自流排水排除田間積水,防止植株長(zhǎng)時(shí)間浸泡,導(dǎo)致根系缺氧早衰,抗倒伏能力下降。
 
  二、科學(xué)施好粒肥
 
  部分地區(qū)因低溫寡照等原因?qū)е戮徝缏⒎痔Y遲、封行晚,盡管有效分蘗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù)接近常年,但個(gè)別地塊有徒長(zhǎng)形態(tài),增加粒重和籽粒成熟度是下一步田間管理的重點(diǎn)。應(yīng)根據(jù)水稻葉色變化、前期施肥量等因素,因植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)適時(shí)適量追施速效氮肥和葉面噴施磷鉀肥,避免貪青晚熟。齊穗后前10天為粒肥最佳施用期,施肥前保證水層,均勻撒施,生長(zhǎng)過(guò)旺地塊可不追施粒肥,葉色較淡田塊可適當(dāng)多施。
 
  三、合理調(diào)控促早熟
 
  由于水稻發(fā)育遲緩和天氣冷涼的原因,要堅(jiān)持“保地溫、促早熟、延遲收”的技術(shù)路線(xiàn),改善田間小氣候,增強(qiáng)水稻抵御低溫能力。要促進(jìn)早熟,適時(shí)噴施磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥、水溶肥或植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑,避開(kāi)生殖生長(zhǎng)敏感期低溫,補(bǔ)充植株養(yǎng)分,增強(qiáng)抗寒能力,提高植株素質(zhì),為籽粒灌漿創(chuàng)造良好條件。井水灌溉田塊,要減少灌水頻次,增加地溫。黃熟后要及時(shí)斷水,適時(shí)收獲。貪青晚熟地塊要適當(dāng)晚收,一旦發(fā)生低溫冷害,不要急于收獲,可適當(dāng)推遲收獲,延長(zhǎng)后熟生長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,促進(jìn)根莖儲(chǔ)存養(yǎng)分向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)移,減輕冷害影響。
 
  四、及時(shí)預(yù)防病蟲(chóng)害
 
  水稻受澇后,要高度重視以穗頸瘟為主的稻瘟病防控,同時(shí)重點(diǎn)防范二化螟、粘蟲(chóng)、飛虱、紋枯病、稻曲病等。要強(qiáng)化生態(tài)調(diào)控、生物防治和理化誘控、釋放天敵等措施的應(yīng)用,提高重大病蟲(chóng)害綠色防控、科學(xué)防控水平。在加強(qiáng)病蟲(chóng)害綠色防控基礎(chǔ)上,突出抓好高密度點(diǎn)片應(yīng)急化學(xué)防治與聯(lián)防聯(lián)控??茖W(xué)選擇高效針對(duì)性農(nóng)藥,嚴(yán)格按照推薦用量噴施。防控粘蟲(chóng)要推行生態(tài)調(diào)控、利用成蟲(chóng)交配產(chǎn)卵前需要采食以補(bǔ)充能量的生物習(xí)性,采用具有其成蟲(chóng)喜歡氣味配比出來(lái)的誘餌,配合少量殺蟲(chóng)劑進(jìn)行生物誘殺。同時(shí)抓住卵孵化初期和低齡幼蟲(chóng)期開(kāi)展科學(xué)用藥防治。防治灰飛虱為主的稻飛虱要突出壓前控后、重點(diǎn)保護(hù)水稻灌漿期。稻瘟病的防治以預(yù)防為主,突出抓好破口前和齊穗期施藥預(yù)防,嚴(yán)防穗頸瘟的發(fā)生,同時(shí)也要注意生育后期如遇連續(xù)陰雨天氣,對(duì)貪青晚熟地塊要防治枝梗瘟和粒瘟。
 
  五、災(zāi)后及時(shí)恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)
 
  對(duì)于前期洪澇災(zāi)害,造成過(guò)水的田塊或水淹的田塊,要堅(jiān)持“排、散、管、促”多措并舉,及時(shí)疏通溝渠,搶排積水,恢復(fù)土壤透氣性,養(yǎng)根護(hù)葉,促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯。陰雨天可一次性排干,排水后適當(dāng)曬田,以增強(qiáng)土壤透氣性和根系活力,恢復(fù)植株生長(zhǎng)。對(duì)過(guò)水脫肥田塊,要及時(shí)追肥,可追施速效氮肥,促進(jìn)根系和植株恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng),防止出現(xiàn)因積水造成早衰、死亡等現(xiàn)象。
 
  大豆防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
 
  當(dāng)前,我省大豆總體處于開(kāi)花末期至結(jié)莢鼓粒期,正是產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,針對(duì)大豆生產(chǎn)中后期病蟲(chóng)害防治及科學(xué)防災(zāi)減災(zāi),提出以下田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
  一、追肥促弱
 
  一般大豆生長(zhǎng)田塊如發(fā)現(xiàn)植株表現(xiàn)脫肥或生育期延后的地塊,可通過(guò)噴施葉面肥,延長(zhǎng)葉片功能期,增強(qiáng)抗病能力,提高粒重,將產(chǎn)量損失降到最低。如出現(xiàn)微量元素缺乏癥狀,可通過(guò)葉面噴施微肥補(bǔ)充鎂、錳、鉬、硼等微量元素。在大豆結(jié)莢期、大豆鼓粒期結(jié)合病蟲(chóng)防治進(jìn)行,噴施磷酸二氫鉀0.2公斤+吡唑醚菌酯+高效氯氰菊酯+硼肥增莢促熟。
 
  二、病蟲(chóng)防治
 
  遵循預(yù)防為主、防治為輔的原則。根據(jù)病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生規(guī)律,加強(qiáng)病蟲(chóng)害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警工作,重點(diǎn)防控大豆食心蟲(chóng)、點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽、雙斑螢葉甲、蚜蟲(chóng)、斜紋夜蛾等害蟲(chóng),以及菌核病、霜霉病、褐斑病等病害。其中,大豆食心蟲(chóng)防治,于8月中旬(12~19日)開(kāi)展蟲(chóng)情監(jiān)測(cè)防控,采用5%高效氯氰菊酯(50ml/畝)進(jìn)行無(wú)人機(jī)噴施防治,噴施1~2次,間隔5~7天;或采用敵敵畏乳油(150ml/畝)浸泡粉筆進(jìn)行人工防治。點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽防治,在大豆結(jié)莢鼓粒期間,可采用噻蟲(chóng)嗪+高效氯氰菊酯,或氰戊菊酯+吡蟲(chóng)啉等藥劑,藥劑輪換使用,每隔7~10天噴1次藥,噴施2~3次。在重大病蟲(chóng)防治過(guò)程中,可與噴施葉面肥同時(shí)作業(yè),實(shí)現(xiàn)“一噴多防”“一噴多促”“一噴多效”,實(shí)現(xiàn)防病、防蟲(chóng)、減災(zāi)、提質(zhì)、增產(chǎn)的效果。
 
  三、防澇抗旱
 
  針對(duì)持續(xù)陰雨發(fā)生的澇災(zāi),根據(jù)積水情況和地勢(shì),迅速疏通溝渠,采用排水機(jī)械和挖排水溝等辦法,盡快把田間積水和耕層滯水排出去,減少田間積水時(shí)間,降低土壤含水量,促進(jìn)或保持根系活力。積水排出之后,待土壤表層土干燥后,應(yīng)適時(shí)進(jìn)行中耕松土散墑,避免土壤板結(jié),增強(qiáng)土壤的通透性,利于大豆根系恢復(fù)到正常的生理狀態(tài),同時(shí)提高大豆抗倒伏能力,并起到防除雜草的作用。針對(duì)澇害造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的田塊,可通過(guò)根部和葉部進(jìn)行施肥補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)分,根部施肥以磷鉀肥為主(3~5公斤/畝),適量施硝態(tài)氮肥(2~3公斤/畝);葉片噴肥每畝用尿素125克,硼鉬微肥15克,磷酸二氫鉀100克,也可加施適量氨基酸肥等,噴施1~2次,增強(qiáng)自身抗逆能力。此外,部分坡地、沙崗地等易旱地塊,在大豆鼓粒期遭遇階段性高溫干旱時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)灌溉,每次每畝灌水量20立方米左右,盡量減少花莢脫落。
 
  四、適時(shí)收獲
 
  聯(lián)合收獲最佳時(shí)期為大豆完熟初期,此期間大豆籽粒含水率在15%~25%,葉片全部脫落,籽粒歸園,搖動(dòng)大豆植株會(huì)聽(tīng)到清脆響聲。采用專(zhuān)用型大豆聯(lián)合收割機(jī)(撓性割臺(tái)),要求割茬低,高度以不留底莢為準(zhǔn),一般為5~6厘米。作業(yè)時(shí)段應(yīng)選擇早、晚時(shí)間段收割;避開(kāi)露水時(shí)段,以免收獲的大豆產(chǎn)生“泥花臉”;避開(kāi)干燥高溫時(shí)段,以免炸莢造成損失。作業(yè)質(zhì)量達(dá)到:損失率≤5%,含雜率≤3%,破碎率≤5%,莖稈切碎長(zhǎng)度合格率≥85%,收割后的田塊應(yīng)無(wú)漏收現(xiàn)象。
 
  花生防災(zāi)減災(zāi)及中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
 
  當(dāng)前,我省花生處于莢果彭大期,是產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的需求量非常大。應(yīng)密切關(guān)注中后期異常天氣變化,做好防災(zāi)減災(zāi)預(yù)案,積極應(yīng)對(duì)澇災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)等各種危害,切實(shí)減少災(zāi)害對(duì)花生生產(chǎn)的影響。結(jié)合氣象條件和花生生長(zhǎng)情況,提出以下田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
  一、及時(shí)排水散墑
 
  根據(jù)降雨情況、土壤水分,搶抓排水窗口期,迅速組織排水。大雨之后,根據(jù)花生田積水情況和地勢(shì),要及時(shí)采取機(jī)械排水或人工方式疏通排水溝渠,盡快降低田間積水,將耕層漬水排出,減少田間積水時(shí)間。對(duì)于土質(zhì)粘重排水不暢田塊,應(yīng)盡早結(jié)合中耕鋤地散墑,促進(jìn)土壤透氣晾墑,減少澇害對(duì)花生的危害。地膜覆蓋的花生要破膜散墑,降低土壤含水量,保持土壤通氣良好,減少爛果現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。
 
  二、及時(shí)補(bǔ)充肥料
 
  花生中后期是莢果充實(shí)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求較大,由于前期降雨量較多,導(dǎo)致土壤肥力流失,根系吸收能力減弱,植株易脫肥早衰。因此,結(jié)合花生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)應(yīng)及時(shí)補(bǔ)充肥料,保證養(yǎng)分供給,恢復(fù)植株生長(zhǎng),防止脫肥和后期早衰,減輕澇害損失,保障花生穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。露地種植的花生可以結(jié)合中耕進(jìn)行追肥,缺肥的地塊一般每畝追施(15-15-15)復(fù)合肥15~20公斤,也可葉面噴施1%的尿素+0.5%的磷酸二氫鉀或其他中微量元素,特別是鈣肥,促進(jìn)莢果膨大。
 
  三、加強(qiáng)病蟲(chóng)害防控
 
  堅(jiān)持“預(yù)防為主,綠色防控”的原則。采用物理防治與化學(xué)防治相結(jié)合,利用黑光燈、黃藍(lán)板、性誘劑與高效低毒藥劑相結(jié)合。由于前期降雨量大,田間土壤含水量高,8月份氣溫偏高,高溫高濕環(huán)境容易引發(fā)花生病蟲(chóng)害,特別是葉部褐斑病、網(wǎng)斑病、白絹病等病害,以及蠐螬、蚜蟲(chóng)、棉鈴蟲(chóng)和薊馬等蟲(chóng)害,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)田間病害監(jiān)控,防控可以結(jié)合葉面噴肥?;ㄉ职卟?、黑斑病、網(wǎng)斑病等可用吡唑醚菌酯或苯醚甲環(huán)唑+氟唑菌酰羥胺800倍液噴霧防治2~3次;花生棉鈴蟲(chóng)、菜青蟲(chóng)、造橋蟲(chóng)、斜紋夜蛾、金龜子等可用高效氯氰菊酯+甲維鹽+虱螨脲等800倍液噴霧防治1~2次;白絹病可應(yīng)用戊唑醇和咯菌睛500倍液各防治1次。一旦晴天馬上用專(zhuān)用打藥車(chē)進(jìn)行打藥,不具備條件的采用植保無(wú)人機(jī)防治。
 
  四、及時(shí)清除雜草
 
  由于前期降雨量較多,田間雜草生長(zhǎng)較快,應(yīng)及時(shí)清除。對(duì)于剛長(zhǎng)出的小草通過(guò)中耕即可清除,對(duì)于田間大草和結(jié)種子的老草應(yīng)人工拔除,并清理移出田外,避免影響收獲。
 
  五、化學(xué)調(diào)控
 
  莢果膨大期是花生生長(zhǎng)最旺盛時(shí)期,由于陰雨天光照不足,花生容易徒長(zhǎng),造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)與生殖生長(zhǎng)失調(diào)。對(duì)于植株有徒長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),株高超過(guò)35厘米的地塊,應(yīng)結(jié)合病蟲(chóng)害防治進(jìn)行1-2次化控,可以噴施調(diào)環(huán)酸鈣、唏效唑或多效唑進(jìn)行葉面噴施,應(yīng)均勻噴霧,避免重噴、漏噴和噴后遇雨。
 
  六、適時(shí)收獲
 
  一般收獲時(shí)間以植株呈現(xiàn)衰老狀態(tài),中下部葉片由綠轉(zhuǎn)黃并逐漸脫落,莖稈轉(zhuǎn)為黃綠色??呻S機(jī)選取5~10株花生,當(dāng)70%以上莢果果殼硬化、紋理清晰,顏色由白色轉(zhuǎn)為淺黃色,殼內(nèi)海綿組織干縮變薄,果殼內(nèi)壁呈深棕色,為適宜收獲期。花生機(jī)械化收獲減少損失、提高清潔度的關(guān)鍵在于:一是檢查調(diào)試好收獲機(jī),使機(jī)具在最佳狀態(tài)下高質(zhì)高效作業(yè);二是準(zhǔn)確把握適收期和作業(yè)條件,在最佳的時(shí)機(jī)收獲;三是加強(qiáng)機(jī)收培訓(xùn),選擇適宜的機(jī)械化收獲方式與機(jī)具;四是及時(shí)烘干,減少霉變。
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