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植保無(wú)人飛機(jī)規(guī)范施藥技術(shù)

2024-06-09 08:57:44 來(lái)源：黑龍江省植檢植保站 閱讀量：20543 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：整齊劃一地塊可采取AB點(diǎn)模式，復(fù)雜地塊利用手持RTK精確劃定，更高效的可使用航拍機(jī)測(cè)繪。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 一、精確劃定作業(yè)地塊
 
　　1.根據(jù)地塊復(fù)雜程度劃分。整齊劃一地塊可采取AB點(diǎn)模式，復(fù)雜地塊利用手持RTK精確劃定，更高效的可使用航拍機(jī)測(cè)繪。
 
　　2.劃定地塊時(shí)，要同時(shí)標(biāo)明地塊中的障礙物，特別是電線、斜拉線等。
 
　　3.劃定地塊時(shí)，還應(yīng)了解掌握作物長(zhǎng)勢(shì)和生育期、種植密度等。
 
　　二、合理制定用藥方案
 
　　1.根據(jù)防治對(duì)象合理選擇藥劑。優(yōu)先選擇混配性好的藥劑，兼顧多種防治對(duì)象，實(shí)現(xiàn)一噴多防。
 
　　2.選擇適宜劑型的農(nóng)藥。適用于植保無(wú)人飛機(jī)航噴作業(yè)的農(nóng)藥劑型：油劑、水劑、懸浮劑、干懸劑、水乳劑、微乳劑、水分散粒劑、乳油等；粉劑和可濕性粉劑則不適用。
 
　　3.使用航化專用助劑。農(nóng)用無(wú)人飛機(jī)航化作業(yè)，均需按藥液量的0.5～1%的比例添加助劑，如激健、邁絲、邁潤(rùn)、奇功等農(nóng)藥助劑或邁飛、迪增、迪翔、農(nóng)健飛等航化專用助劑，以減少飄移和蒸發(fā)，促進(jìn)展著和吸收，有效提高防治效果。
 
　　三、合理制定作業(yè)計(jì)劃
 
　　1.根據(jù)作業(yè)量和時(shí)間要求，合理搭配大、小型無(wú)人飛機(jī)。
 
　　2.根據(jù)氣象預(yù)報(bào)安排作業(yè)時(shí)間，必要時(shí)采取夜航。(1)光照：強(qiáng)光照會(huì)加劇作物蒸騰及霧滴的蒸發(fā)，加大飄移并減少著液量,一般上午10時(shí)～下午3時(shí)最好不要施藥。(2)風(fēng)力和風(fēng)向。應(yīng)采取側(cè)向風(fēng)施藥或迎風(fēng)施藥，不可采取順風(fēng)施藥，風(fēng)速>3.3m/s應(yīng)停止化學(xué)除草作業(yè)，風(fēng)速>4m/s應(yīng)停止病蟲害防治作業(yè)。一般上午7時(shí)前，下午17時(shí)后風(fēng)力較小，適宜無(wú)人飛機(jī)作業(yè)。(3)濕度和降雨。適宜的降水、濕度有利于藥效發(fā)揮，空氣相對(duì)濕度低于40%(易蒸發(fā))時(shí)應(yīng)停止施藥。(4)溫度低于15℃或超過(guò)30℃時(shí)不宜作業(yè)。
 
　　3.根據(jù)作物生育期合理安排，要避開(kāi)花期施藥。
 
　　四、合理確定作業(yè)參數(shù)
 
　　1.施藥液量。根據(jù)作物生育時(shí)期、防治對(duì)象合理確定。每畝噴液量最少應(yīng)在1升以上，土壤封閉除草應(yīng)在1.5升以上，玉米中后期病蟲害防治應(yīng)在2升以上。
 
　　2.飛行速度。飛行過(guò)快增加飄移，飛行過(guò)慢影響作業(yè)效率。飛行速度一般在1～6米/秒，最大不應(yīng)超過(guò)7米/秒，比較理想范圍4～6米/秒。
 
　　3.飛行高度。一般在作物冠層上方2～6米，應(yīng)根據(jù)機(jī)型、作物生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期和田間狀況確定適宜的飛行高度。一般10-16升容量的電動(dòng)多旋翼無(wú)人飛機(jī)可定在1～1.5米，20-30升容量的可定在2～3米，40-50升容量的可定在3-6米；30升容量的油動(dòng)無(wú)人飛機(jī)一般定在2.5-3米
 
　　4.有效噴幅。有效噴幅要以國(guó)家級(jí)檢測(cè)中心如浙江方圓、南京機(jī)械化所出具的檢測(cè)報(bào)告標(biāo)明的為準(zhǔn)。實(shí)際作業(yè)中，應(yīng)根據(jù)機(jī)型、飛行高度及靶標(biāo)生物確定合理的噴幅。一般情況下，10-16升容量的電動(dòng)多旋翼無(wú)人飛機(jī)在1.5米的飛行高度下，其合理噴幅為3～5米；20-30容量的，在2～3米的飛行高度下，其合理噴幅可以達(dá)到5～6米；40-50升容量的，在5米的飛行高度下，其合理噴幅可以達(dá)到6～11米。
 
　　5.噴頭的選擇。應(yīng)根據(jù)防治對(duì)象及作業(yè)要求選擇適宜的噴頭。通常對(duì)于霧滴分布均勻性要求較高的作業(yè)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇離心式噴頭；對(duì)穿透性要求較高的作業(yè)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇壓力式噴頭。
 
　　6.噴幅偏移調(diào)整。無(wú)人飛機(jī)作業(yè)受風(fēng)力及風(fēng)向影響較大。一般情況下，當(dāng)風(fēng)速1.5～2米/秒條件下，無(wú)人飛機(jī)作業(yè)噴幅至少偏移0.5～1個(gè)噴幅(3～6米)。作業(yè)時(shí)要根據(jù)風(fēng)向進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以免漏噴或重噴。
 
　　五、施藥作業(yè)基本要求
 
　　1.應(yīng)提前在配藥箱內(nèi)配制母液，然后加入藥箱并混勻。
 
　　2.作業(yè)前應(yīng)選好起降地點(diǎn)，起降地面要平、實(shí)。起降點(diǎn)安全距離要保持在6米以上。
 
　　3.作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)提前確定飛行作業(yè)距離，一次飛行起落宜為一個(gè)往返航程。
 
　　4.作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)保持直線飛行，飛行高度應(yīng)保持一致，航線偏離最寬距離不應(yīng)超過(guò)10厘米。
 
　　5.作業(yè)前應(yīng)在飛行區(qū)域四周設(shè)立安全警示標(biāo)記，并通知施藥區(qū)域鄰近地塊戶主和居住在附近的居民。應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)措施避免造成鄰近敏感作物的藥害、家畜中毒及對(duì)其它有益生物的傷害。作業(yè)人員使用遙控器或地面站系統(tǒng)操控?zé)o人機(jī)作業(yè)，并記錄作業(yè)情況，完成作業(yè)后，應(yīng)將作業(yè)記錄匯總歸檔保存。

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