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機(jī)插水稻綠色高質(zhì)高效栽培技術(shù)

2024-04-25 08:32:46 來源:洪澤農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站 閱讀量:20059 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:水稻疊盤暗化出苗育秧是一種“1個(gè)育秧中心 N個(gè)育秧點(diǎn)”的現(xiàn)代化水稻機(jī)插二段育供秧新模式。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新
 
  (一)技術(shù)概述:以優(yōu)良食味水稻品種為基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)機(jī)插水稻生育和產(chǎn)量形成規(guī)律,在生產(chǎn)中用適宜的必要作業(yè)次數(shù)、在最適宜的生育時(shí)期、給予最適宜的投入數(shù)量等三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行精確定量,達(dá)到“豐產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、綠色、高效、生態(tài)、安全”的科學(xué)栽培。同時(shí),通過實(shí)施精深加工和品牌溢價(jià),有效提高水稻產(chǎn)值與效益。
 
  (二)增產(chǎn)增效情況:畝產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)稻谷650公斤及以上;化學(xué)肥料農(nóng)藥使用量均下降3.0%以上、利用率達(dá)40%以上;畝增產(chǎn)節(jié)本增效5%以上。
 
  (三)技術(shù)要點(diǎn):核心技術(shù)(1)選用品種。選用適口性突出、產(chǎn)量、抗逆性等綜合性狀優(yōu)良食味水稻品種,如南粳9108、武育粳919、徽兩優(yōu)絲苗等。(2)培育壯秧。采用水稻規(guī)?;杏┭砑夹g(shù)培育適齡機(jī)插壯秧。根據(jù)移栽期及適宜秧齡精確計(jì)算適宜播種期,根據(jù)品種特征特性、基本苗及種子千粒重、發(fā)芽率等確定播種量。5月中下旬至6月初播種,播前曬種,藥劑浸(拌)種,機(jī)械播種,稀播勻播,大田用種量粳稻3.5~4.0公斤/畝、秈稻1.25~1.5公斤/畝。(3)規(guī)范機(jī)插。夏熟作物收獲騰茬后,6月上中旬機(jī)插。及時(shí)耕翻整田,確保草泥混合均勻,做到田平、泥軟、肥勻。大田整平后、秧苗栽插前,沙質(zhì)土沉實(shí)1天左右,壤土沉實(shí)1~2天,粘土沉實(shí)2~3天,待泥漿沉淀、表土軟硬適中后及時(shí)栽插。要力足爭(zhēng)時(shí)搶栽,推行中苗寬行寬距適苗模式,(4)精準(zhǔn)施肥。根據(jù)品種類型、食味品質(zhì)及目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量定位,運(yùn)用斯坦福(Stanford)公式設(shè)定總施氮量及肥料運(yùn)籌,保證優(yōu)良食味品種的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)形成。通過實(shí)施綠稻輪作、秸稈全量還田等措施,合理增施有機(jī)肥,減少化學(xué)肥料用量,提高肥料利用效率,改善稻米食味品質(zhì)。(5)精確灌溉。強(qiáng)化以“灌、淺、濕、干”為主的高效節(jié)水減排精確灌溉技術(shù)的普及推廣,杜絕大水淹灌,努力降低農(nóng)業(yè)用水量,避免農(nóng)田退水所導(dǎo)致的排污量,不斷改善水生態(tài)環(huán)境。根據(jù)水稻泡田定額合理組織插秧前稻田灌水。秧苗機(jī)插后,采取2~3cm水層與間隙露田通氣相結(jié)合,特別是秸稈還田條件下,在栽后2個(gè)葉齡期內(nèi)應(yīng)有2~3次露田,促扎根活棵長(zhǎng)粗,淺水灌溉促蘗,達(dá)到夠苗80~90%時(shí)斷水?dāng)R田,以多次輕擱為主,使土壤沉實(shí)不陷腳,葉片挺起,葉色顯黃。長(zhǎng)穗期實(shí)施淺水層間歇灌溉,以促進(jìn)根系增長(zhǎng),控制基部節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度和株高,使株型挺拔、抗倒,改善受光姿態(tài)。開花結(jié)實(shí)期實(shí)施濕潤(rùn)灌溉,保持植株較多活根數(shù)及綠葉數(shù),植株活熟到老,提高結(jié)實(shí)率與粒重。
 
  (四)配套技術(shù):疊盤暗化出苗育秧技術(shù)。水稻疊盤暗化出苗育秧是一種“1個(gè)育秧中心+N個(gè)育秧點(diǎn)”的現(xiàn)代化水稻機(jī)插二段育供秧新模式。由機(jī)插集中育供秧中心或育插秧主體完成育秧床土或基質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備、種子浸種消毒、催芽處理、流水線播種、溫室或大棚內(nèi)疊盤、保溫保濕暗化出苗等過程后進(jìn)行煉苗。秧盤堆疊20盤/疊、6疊秧盤/托盤、約120盤/托盤,頂部放一張只有土沒有種子的秧盤封頂,堆疊之間留20厘米左右間距便于通風(fēng)和起運(yùn)操作,盤堆要大小適中、排放要垂直整齊。堆疊完畢運(yùn)至暗化出苗室或者用黑色農(nóng)膜封閉保溫保濕不見光,溫濕度分別控制在32℃和90%左右,種芽立針露盤1.0厘米左右即可擺盤綠化。注意轉(zhuǎn)場(chǎng)擺盤前要通風(fēng)降溫?zé)捗?~2小時(shí),增強(qiáng)秧苗抗逆適應(yīng)性。
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