2024年玉米春耕春播技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2024-04-11 08:36:48 來(lái)源:全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:18595 評(píng)論

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 “清明”已過(guò),北方春玉米正處于春耕備播的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,西南春玉米陸續(xù)播種。總體看,當(dāng)前北方春播區(qū)土壤墑情較好,有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)足墑播種和一播全苗;西南春播區(qū)部分地區(qū)降雨不足、氣溫偏高、失墑?shì)^快,對(duì)春玉米播種出苗不利。針對(duì)當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)形勢(shì)和氣候特點(diǎn),各地要以“優(yōu)選良種、分類(lèi)整地、精細(xì)播種、水肥一體、合理增密、防控病蟲(chóng)”為重點(diǎn),全力抓好玉米春耕春播,推進(jìn)大面積單產(chǎn)提升,為實(shí)現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)豐收奠定基礎(chǔ)。
 
  一是優(yōu)選良種,科學(xué)品種布局。根據(jù)自然生態(tài)和生產(chǎn)條件,合理品種搭配,選擇通過(guò)國(guó)家或省級(jí)審定、在當(dāng)?shù)胤N植表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良的熟期適宜、豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好、增產(chǎn)潛力大、抗逆性強(qiáng)、耐密抗倒、抗病抗蟲(chóng)、宜機(jī)械作業(yè)的優(yōu)良玉米品種。東北地區(qū)應(yīng)避免種植生育期偏長(zhǎng)品種,杜絕越區(qū)種植,確保安全成熟;西北、西南覆膜栽培地區(qū)一般可選擇較露地栽培生育期長(zhǎng)10天左右的品種。做好種子包衣,杜絕“白籽”下地,有條件的提前進(jìn)行晾曬等種子處理。
 
  二是分類(lèi)整地,適期適墑精播。對(duì)于北方春整地地塊,應(yīng)離田的秸稈化凍前加快轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)離田,也可因地制宜采用免耕覆蓋、條帶耕覆蓋、碎混還田等秸稈處理方式,土壤化凍后及時(shí)旋耕滅茬,有條件的可結(jié)合整地施用有機(jī)肥;對(duì)于秋整地地塊,適時(shí)保墑播種并及時(shí)鎮(zhèn)壓,盡可能少動(dòng)土,減少水分蒸發(fā);對(duì)已達(dá)待播狀態(tài)、墑情適宜且地溫達(dá)到播種條件的適時(shí)早播搶播、機(jī)械精播。干旱地塊可采用適時(shí)“搶墑”、深種淺蓋“接墑”、坐(濾)水“增墑”播種等,不具備條件的可原壟種植;春澇地塊及早清理晾曬地表、翻耕起壟散墑,地干后適時(shí)淺播淺種。西南旱情未緩解地區(qū)可依據(jù)天氣預(yù)報(bào)合理調(diào)整播期、適墑播種,對(duì)適播期缺水缺墑不能及時(shí)播種地塊可采用育苗移栽技術(shù)。有條件的地塊建議采用水肥一體化技術(shù),滴水出苗。
 
  三是合理增密,構(gòu)建高產(chǎn)群體。耕層0—10厘米地溫穩(wěn)定通過(guò)10℃時(shí)即可播種,根據(jù)各地生態(tài)條件、品種特性、土壤肥力、管理水平等合理確定種植密度,適度密植。東北和西北旱作區(qū)一般地塊畝保苗4000—4500株,對(duì)于整地播種質(zhì)量高、選用耐密抗倒高產(chǎn)玉米品種且肥水供應(yīng)充足、生產(chǎn)條件整體較好地塊,畝保苗密度可增至5000株以上。西南區(qū)玉米種植密度普遍偏低,建議每畝增加500—1000株。具備密植水肥一體化條件的,可視生產(chǎn)管理水平等情況增加種植密度,東北地區(qū)每畝可提高至5500株以上,西北地區(qū)可提高至6500株以上,西南地區(qū)可提高至5000株以上,注意關(guān)鍵生育期實(shí)施化控防倒。
 
  四是防控病蟲(chóng)草,減損提質(zhì)增產(chǎn)。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),今年玉米病蟲(chóng)害總體偏重發(fā)生。西南地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注草地貪夜蛾、玉米螟、粘蟲(chóng)、紋枯病、大斑病、南方銹病、白斑病、穗腐病等病蟲(chóng)害,東北地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注粘蟲(chóng)、玉米螟、棉鈴蟲(chóng)、蚜蟲(chóng)、地下害蟲(chóng)、大斑病、莖腐病、北方炭疽病等病蟲(chóng)害,西北地區(qū)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注地下害蟲(chóng)、蚜蟲(chóng)、葉螨、棉鈴蟲(chóng)、玉米螟、莖腐病、大斑病等病蟲(chóng)害。應(yīng)采用抗病抗逆品種及高質(zhì)量包衣種子,必要時(shí)可針對(duì)性進(jìn)行二次精準(zhǔn)包衣。結(jié)合農(nóng)藝措施防控雜草,土壤墑情較好的地塊采用“一封一殺”;土壤墑情差、降雨少、砂性土壤的地塊采用“一殺一補(bǔ)”。加強(qiáng)病蟲(chóng)草害發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警,適時(shí)開(kāi)展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治、“一噴多促”等。
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