小麥無人機追肥技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-04-08 08:56:39 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：13554 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】
 
　　一、適用區(qū)域
 
　　適用于小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)。
 
　　二、技術(shù)要點
 
　　（一）無人機選擇
 
　　選擇當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中普遍使用的農(nóng)用無人機,有效負(fù)載50公斤以上為宜。小麥追施肥時有效播撒幅寬3—5 米、作業(yè)高度3—4米、飛行速度4—6米/秒，每畝施肥量誤差不超過5%，具備自主作業(yè)、智能避障、漏堵報警、實時監(jiān)控和軌跡記錄等功能。
 
　　（二）肥料選擇
 
　　無人機撒施肥料一般以氮肥為主，常選用尿素；葉面噴施時應(yīng)選擇溶解性好的氮磷鉀和中微量元素肥料，如尿素、磷酸二氫鉀、硫酸鎂、硫酸鋅、硼酸、鉬酸銨等，或大量元素水溶肥、中量元素水溶肥料、微量元素水溶肥料、含氨基酸水溶肥料、含腐植酸水溶肥料、有機水溶肥料等。
 
　　（三）肥料用量
 
　　1、撒施
 
　　一般在返青到拔節(jié)初期或起身期進(jìn)行，北方春麥區(qū)和西北旱作區(qū)視苗情長勢每畝追施尿素6—8公斤，黃淮麥區(qū)每畝追施尿素8—15公斤，西南麥區(qū)每畝追施尿素6—8公斤，長江中下游麥區(qū)每畝追施尿素8—10公斤。
 
　　2、葉面噴施
 
　　可在小麥不同生長期視苗情長勢和天氣情況進(jìn)行，噴施肥料的用量如下表。
 
　　注：每畝用水量不少于3升，取肥料用量上限時，用水量不少5升。噴施肥液濃度尿素不超過10%， 磷酸二氫鉀不超過3%，七水硫酸鎂和七水硫酸鋅不超3%，硼酸不超過2%，鉬酸銨不超過1%。
 
　　（四）施肥建議
 
　　1、采用無人機撒施肥料，通常應(yīng)選擇在返青到拔節(jié)初期或起身期的降雨前后或灌溉前進(jìn)行。
 
　　2、晚播或弱苗田塊，以及早春受天氣等影響不能通過土施或隨灌溉追肥時，可先在返青和拔節(jié)期葉面噴施適量氮肥和磷肥1—2次，緩解養(yǎng)分缺乏對小麥生長造成的不良影響，促進(jìn)分蘗生長。
 
　　3、早春受凍麥田及時噴施適量氮肥，缺磷田塊采用氮肥和磷肥結(jié)合噴施1—2次，促進(jìn)盡早復(fù)壯。
 
　　4、在拔節(jié)期和揚花至灌漿前期根據(jù)苗情噴施氮肥和磷肥1—2次，增加穗粒數(shù)、提高粒重。
 
　　5、干熱風(fēng)多發(fā)地區(qū)在孕穗至灌漿期中期噴施磷酸二氫鉀1—2次，或根據(jù)天氣預(yù)報，在干熱風(fēng)來臨前7天結(jié)合一噴三防噴施磷酸二氫鉀1次，降低干熱風(fēng)危害。
 
　　6、土壤缺鋅地區(qū)在拔節(jié)至孕穗期或灌漿初期噴施鋅肥2—3次；土壤缺鉬地區(qū)在返青期和拔節(jié)期噴施鉬肥1—2次；土壤缺硼地區(qū)在孕穗期噴施硼肥1—2次。
 
　　（五）作業(yè)程序
 
　　1、使用無人機追施肥前，應(yīng)根據(jù)作業(yè)區(qū)地理情況設(shè)置無人機的飛行高度、速度、噴幅、航線方向、噴灑量、霧化顆粒大小等參數(shù)并試飛，試飛正常后方可進(jìn)行飛行作業(yè)。
 
　　葉面噴肥作業(yè)前，應(yīng)按照建議的肥料濃度用清水溶解肥料，待肥料全部溶解后，靜置3—5分鐘，取清液噴施。
 
　　3、葉面噴肥作業(yè)應(yīng)在風(fēng)力小于3級的陰天或晴天傍晚進(jìn)行，防止灼傷麥苗，確保肥效。
 
　　4、追肥作業(yè)后，應(yīng)記錄無人機作業(yè)情況。葉面噴肥后若遇雨，應(yīng)重新噴施。
 
　　5、噴施作業(yè)結(jié)束后，通過觀察小麥長勢決定是否再次噴施，前后兩次噴施至少間隔7—10天，不可盲目噴施造成肥害。
 
　　三、注意事項
 
　　1、無人機操作人員應(yīng)持證上崗，做好防護(hù)措施。無人機轉(zhuǎn)運時應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離，禁止觸摸。
 
　　2、肥料混合噴施時應(yīng)按照品種特性和使用說明進(jìn)行混配。
 
　　3、嚴(yán)格遵守?zé)o人機飛行相關(guān)法律法規(guī)。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科學(xué)施肥專家指導(dǎo)組

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