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開展時(shí)間: 2025-02-22
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關(guān)于印發(fā)《2022年春耕生產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)檢修技術(shù)指引》的通知
2022-02-22
09:27:32
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導(dǎo)讀:加強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)檢修工作,確保農(nóng)機(jī)良好技術(shù)狀況,有利于促進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)節(jié)能減排、安全生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)民增收,對(duì)促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化高質(zhì)量發(fā)展具有重要意義。為加強(qiáng)春季農(nóng)機(jī)檢查、維修、保養(yǎng)工作,確保春季農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)順利進(jìn)行,提出以下農(nóng)機(jī)檢修保養(yǎng)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)措施,供各地參考。
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為貫徹落實(shí)全國(guó)春季農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工作會(huì)議精神,扎實(shí)抓好春季農(nóng)機(jī)化生產(chǎn)服務(wù),充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械在春耕生產(chǎn)中的主力軍作用,我站聯(lián)合相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)維修行業(yè)專家制定了《2022年春耕生產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)檢修技術(shù)指引》,現(xiàn)印發(fā)給你們。請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際,切實(shí)加強(qiáng)春耕期間農(nóng)機(jī)檢修和保養(yǎng)工作,提高在用農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的技術(shù)性能狀態(tài),確保春耕備耕農(nóng)機(jī)化生產(chǎn)順利進(jìn)行。
附件: 2022年春耕生產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)檢修技術(shù)指引
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
2022年2月21日
附件
2022年春耕生產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)檢修技術(shù)指引
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
加強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)檢修工作,確保農(nóng)機(jī)良好技術(shù)狀況,有利于促進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)節(jié)能減排、安全生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)民增收,對(duì)促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化高質(zhì)量發(fā)展具有重要意義。為加強(qiáng)春季農(nóng)機(jī)檢查、維修、保養(yǎng)工作,確保春季農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)順利進(jìn)行,提出以下農(nóng)機(jī)檢修保養(yǎng)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)措施,供各地參考。
1.檢查潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)。除了更換三芯(空氣濾芯、柴油濾芯、機(jī)油濾芯)外,還要更換或清洗各個(gè)液壓油濾芯。應(yīng)按地區(qū)、季節(jié)要求更換潤(rùn)滑油和燃油。年前如已經(jīng)放出潤(rùn)滑油,應(yīng)打開缸蓋上的加油口,加入合格的潤(rùn)滑油后,靜置十分鐘,檢查油標(biāo)尺,應(yīng)與機(jī)油尺“上”線平齊,然后靜置20~30分鐘再檢查油位有無變化。如有上漲,需查找原因并排除故障。如果是帶渦輪
增壓器的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),需拆下渦輪增壓器懸浮軸承進(jìn)油口空心螺栓,滴幾滴潤(rùn)滑油,再裝好。潤(rùn)滑脂油嘴、油杯均應(yīng)配齊。各潤(rùn)滑部位及總成均應(yīng)按規(guī)定油品加足潤(rùn)滑油或潤(rùn)滑脂。通氣器應(yīng)清潔、暢通。
2.檢查冷卻系統(tǒng)。寒冷地區(qū)重點(diǎn)檢查發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是否有凍傷,特別是年前發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)未放水,或者未加防凍液的車,要仔細(xì)查看發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)體水堵、放水開關(guān)、機(jī)油散熱器等處是否有凍裂跡象。如正常,則加注軟水至水箱口平齊,靜置一小時(shí),看水位有無變化。如水位有下降,則需要查找原因。如無下降,則正常,注意不能加容易產(chǎn)生水垢的井水和自來水。
3.檢查電路系統(tǒng)。啟動(dòng)、照明、儀表的電路應(yīng)正常,所有電氣附件的絕緣部分,不得有漏電、短路等現(xiàn)象。寒冷地區(qū)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)冷起動(dòng)裝置應(yīng)能工作正常。
在蓄電池電量不足時(shí),要先用蓄電池額定電流的十分之一充電。在鉛酸電池充電時(shí),電解液液面高度與刻線平齊或高出隔板10~15毫米,要打開加液塞,以防出氣孔堵塞,蓄電池因氣壓過高而爆炸。充電完成后,單體蓄電池電壓應(yīng)在13伏左右。
以上都檢查正常后,起動(dòng)前主、副變速手柄等應(yīng)處于“空”、“降”、“中間”或“分離”位置;液壓動(dòng)力裝置應(yīng)處于“中間”位置;此時(shí)可以打開飛輪殼上的小窗口,用小撬棒撥動(dòng)飛輪齒圈,轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲軸數(shù)圈后,再打開點(diǎn)火開關(guān),啟動(dòng)動(dòng)力。轉(zhuǎn)速需要先低后高,逐漸增加動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)速,同時(shí)觀察儀表,細(xì)聽聲音,如有異常,應(yīng)先停機(jī)后檢查并排除故障。
二、拖拉機(jī)底盤部分的檢查與保養(yǎng)
1.檢查潤(rùn)滑油。逐一檢查變速箱、前橋、末端傳動(dòng)的潤(rùn)滑油;檢查方向機(jī)的鋰基潤(rùn)滑脂(蝸輪蝸桿機(jī)械式方向機(jī))或液壓油箱(液壓轉(zhuǎn)向方向機(jī))內(nèi)液壓油是否充足;檢查液壓系統(tǒng)的液壓油是否充足。
2.檢查轉(zhuǎn)向系。注意左右方向間的間隙,觀察拉桿球頭傳動(dòng)和油缸(液壓油缸方向)銷軸間隙,如間隙過大,需更換拉桿球頭和油缸銷軸。更換球頭和銷軸后,需檢查前束,四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的前束是0~4毫米,兩輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的前束是5~10毫米。
3.檢查離合器。檢查離合器踏板和分離軸承與分離杠桿的間隙,保證分離徹底、靈活,無卡滯,踩下踏板行程五分之四時(shí),能掛換檔位,無打齒異響。如離合器使用時(shí)間過長(zhǎng),需拆開檢查摩擦片和分離軸承,如果超限需更換;如磨損不大,分離軸承加潤(rùn)滑脂后,再按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組裝好。
4.檢查制動(dòng)器。檢查制動(dòng)液面和踏板行程,制動(dòng)踏板第一腳能一次踩死,連續(xù)第二腳踩不動(dòng),回位正常且無卡滯,左右制動(dòng)踏板高度應(yīng)同步。
三、旋耕機(jī)的檢查與保養(yǎng)
1.檢查傳動(dòng)箱。檢查傳動(dòng)箱齒輪油油量,低于油面線的要補(bǔ)加同類型齒輪油;檢查各個(gè)齒輪之間間隙,特別是圓錐齒輪嚙合間隙,間隙過大過小都會(huì)引發(fā)故障;檢查傳動(dòng)箱輸出花健軸和刀軸軸套之間間隙,磨損嚴(yán)重的要成套更換。
2.檢查刀部。檢查刀軸兩端油封,以及刀軸、刀座和刀片,如有破損應(yīng)除舊換新。更換刀片時(shí)應(yīng)按照雙螺旋線方向有規(guī)律地緊固刀片固定螺栓。
3.掛接拖拉機(jī)檢查。掛接時(shí),注意匹配的箱體高度,高低箱體不能配錯(cuò)。注意動(dòng)力輸出軸和旋耕機(jī)輸入軸夾角,夾角最好小于10度。傳動(dòng)軸十字軸和軸承不能松曠,各方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活,并加注潤(rùn)滑脂;旋耕機(jī)左右要水平,輸入軸要與拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力輸出軸在同一個(gè)中心線上。
四、拖拉機(jī)和播種機(jī)的掛接及調(diào)整
(一)拖拉機(jī)的播前準(zhǔn)備與調(diào)整。選用傳動(dòng)軸與拖拉機(jī)PTO花鍵規(guī)格應(yīng)匹配。調(diào)整拖拉機(jī)上拉桿(中央拉桿)和左右提升桿,達(dá)到播種機(jī)機(jī)架在縱向與橫向都處于水平狀態(tài)。調(diào)整拖拉機(jī)下懸掛臂限位螺桿,達(dá)到播種機(jī)橫向中心線與拖拉機(jī)縱向中心線相重合。拖拉機(jī)懸掛下拉桿與左右吊桿連接的銷軸應(yīng)放置在長(zhǎng)孔位置,使播種機(jī)工作時(shí)達(dá)到整體仿形的效果。液壓系統(tǒng)分配器在拖拉機(jī)工作時(shí)應(yīng)放在浮動(dòng)位置。傳動(dòng)軸的配合長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)不小于200毫米。
(二)播種機(jī)(以氣吸式為例)的調(diào)整
1.調(diào)整機(jī)架高度。播種機(jī)在田間正式作業(yè)前,播種機(jī)梁架高度要先進(jìn)行調(diào)整,這樣才能給播種單體上的仿形機(jī)構(gòu)留下一定的上仿形量,避免播種單體承受整機(jī)重量而造成部件損壞或播種深度過深。通過轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)支承輪調(diào)節(jié)螺桿來調(diào)節(jié)支承輪高度,使播種機(jī)架提升或下降,保證施肥部件的施肥深度適宜。
2.調(diào)整播種行距。按當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)藝要求調(diào)整播種機(jī)行距。調(diào)整時(shí)以播種機(jī)梁架中心線為基準(zhǔn)線,向左、右對(duì)稱串動(dòng)播種單體和施肥開溝部件,同時(shí),支撐輪、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)以及排肥箱也要做相應(yīng)調(diào)整。移動(dòng)過的零部件要重新擰緊。
3.調(diào)整施肥量。作物品種、畝保苗株數(shù)(壟距和株距)、土壤肥力決定畝施肥量,根據(jù)施肥量的要求,以支撐輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)10圈為準(zhǔn),測(cè)定排肥器排除肥量大小,再計(jì)算出畝排肥量(滑移率按10%計(jì)算),直到調(diào)節(jié)排肥器達(dá)到畝排肥量時(shí)為準(zhǔn)。
4.調(diào)整施肥深度。一種方法是調(diào)整播種機(jī)的支撐輪,使機(jī)架達(dá)到一定高度來調(diào)整施肥深度;另一種方法是直接串動(dòng)施肥開溝器柄和加壓彈簧來調(diào)節(jié)施肥開溝器深度。
5.排種盤的更換與調(diào)整。要根據(jù)播種不同作物,更換不同的排種盤,按排種器使用說明書的要求更換好相應(yīng)的排種盤,把對(duì)應(yīng)的部件安裝完整,排種器都調(diào)整好后,要進(jìn)行試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),檢查每個(gè)排種器是否運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。
6.播種株距的調(diào)整。播種株距的調(diào)整就是對(duì)播種機(jī)的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,大多數(shù)播種機(jī)的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)都是由鏈條傳動(dòng)來完成的,可以根據(jù)使用說明書中的播量表進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,掛接好相應(yīng)的鏈輪并張緊。
7.播種深度的調(diào)整。調(diào)節(jié)每個(gè)播種單體上的限深指針手柄,操作時(shí)要讓每一個(gè)播種單體上的限深指示針處于同一刻度位置,保證整機(jī)播種深度一致。但在播種作業(yè)的實(shí)際操作中,受整地條件和土壤環(huán)境不同所限,播深調(diào)整后應(yīng)進(jìn)行實(shí)際播種深度測(cè)定,一旦出現(xiàn)指示播深與實(shí)際播深不符時(shí),要進(jìn)行二次微調(diào),達(dá)到播深一致的效果。
8.調(diào)整風(fēng)機(jī)皮帶。檢查風(fēng)機(jī)與播種機(jī)架是否牢固、安全的連接和固定后,檢查風(fēng)機(jī)皮帶的張緊程度,皮帶張緊不宜過松也不宜過緊,操作方法是將固定大皮帶輪的鎖緊螺母松開,再調(diào)節(jié)張緊絲杠長(zhǎng)度,當(dāng)皮帶張緊度適中時(shí)將調(diào)節(jié)絲杠用螺母鎖死,最后鎖緊固定大皮帶輪的鎖緊螺母。
(三)播種機(jī)(以氣吸式為例)操作注意的事項(xiàng)
1.種子和肥料應(yīng)在機(jī)組到達(dá)播種地塊之后再裝入種箱、肥箱。若在出發(fā)或田間轉(zhuǎn)移前加入,播種機(jī)重量增加,整個(gè)機(jī)組重心后移,不利于運(yùn)輸;同時(shí),運(yùn)輸過程中還會(huì)使種、肥在震動(dòng)中壓實(shí),不利于種、肥的均勻排出。此外,裝箱前還應(yīng)檢查箱內(nèi)是否有遺留的工具或其他雜物。
2.播種機(jī)正式使用前要進(jìn)行試播調(diào)試。調(diào)試播種時(shí)要隨時(shí)注意各部件的工作情況,觀察各轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況,各傳動(dòng)鏈輪和鏈條運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是否正常,導(dǎo)種管和排肥管是否阻塞,肥箱的肥料是否有架空的狀態(tài),檢測(cè)播種的株距、行距及播種深度,最終把相關(guān)數(shù)值調(diào)整到農(nóng)藝要求的狀態(tài)才可以正常播種作業(yè)。
3.機(jī)組起步前,應(yīng)將風(fēng)機(jī)接合上,并保證拖拉機(jī)以大油門的狀態(tài)工作。當(dāng)機(jī)組在田間轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),風(fēng)機(jī)應(yīng)降低轉(zhuǎn)速繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),以保證排種器內(nèi)已經(jīng)吸附的種子不會(huì)掉落浪費(fèi)種子。
4.播種機(jī)啟動(dòng)作業(yè)時(shí),要邊走邊下落播種機(jī),不能把播種機(jī)猛放入土作業(yè),以免入土工作部件受到劇烈沖擊而損壞,同時(shí)也避免造成導(dǎo)種管口和施肥開溝器口堵塞。
5.播種機(jī)在工作時(shí)要時(shí)常監(jiān)聽各傳動(dòng)部件有無異響,如發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,應(yīng)及時(shí)停機(jī)檢查,排除故障后方可繼續(xù)作業(yè)。
6.播種機(jī)在作業(yè)過程中不允許急轉(zhuǎn)彎和倒車,以免損壞播種部件。
7.播種機(jī)在地頭轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),應(yīng)盡量把其升到最高,同時(shí)拖拉機(jī)后輸出軸應(yīng)停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),以免損壞播種單體和風(fēng)機(jī)傳動(dòng)軸。
8.播種機(jī)到達(dá)地頭時(shí),應(yīng)檢查種箱中的種量和肥箱中的肥量,工作過程中種量和肥量都不應(yīng)少于總?cè)萘康?5%,不足時(shí)應(yīng)及時(shí)添加。
9.播種機(jī)在調(diào)試完成后,播種3小時(shí)要停機(jī)檢查各開溝部件有無變形,螺栓有無松動(dòng)現(xiàn)象,保證播種狀態(tài)完好。
10.風(fēng)機(jī)輸入轉(zhuǎn)速為540 r/min,風(fēng)機(jī)帶輪軸承應(yīng)保證每作業(yè)12小時(shí)注油一次,以免因缺少潤(rùn)滑油而燒壞軸承。
11.應(yīng)隨時(shí)注意播種深度和播量的變化,及時(shí)做出調(diào)整。
五、插秧機(jī)的檢查與保養(yǎng)
1.清潔機(jī)器。清洗機(jī)體,清除異物、纏繞物;清潔空氣濾清器、散熱器、油水分離器。
2.檢查及添加燃油、冷卻液(水)。按說明書規(guī)定作業(yè)時(shí)長(zhǎng)加注燃油,清潔或更換燃油濾清器濾芯;檢查、補(bǔ)充或更換發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、變速箱、后車軸箱、插秧箱等部件機(jī)油,更換機(jī)油應(yīng)同時(shí)更換機(jī)油濾清器濾芯。
3.加注潤(rùn)滑油脂。按說明書要求,對(duì)插秧臂、旋轉(zhuǎn)箱、移動(dòng)支架、浮舟、連桿、驅(qū)動(dòng)軸、滑塊、導(dǎo)軌、各行離合器等部件涂抹或加注鋰基潤(rùn)滑油脂。
4.重要部位、零部件檢查。檢查外部及連接部主要螺母有無異常和松動(dòng),如有需調(diào)整;檢查前后輪胎磨損;檢查、調(diào)整或更換發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)皮帶、變速箱驅(qū)動(dòng)皮帶、縱向傳送帶;檢查調(diào)整各手柄及拉桿、拉線;檢查或更換推秧器、秧針;檢查調(diào)整取苗量至符合技術(shù)要求;檢查并補(bǔ)充蓄電池電量。
5.啟動(dòng)檢查。檢查啟動(dòng)電機(jī)、發(fā)電機(jī)、喇叭、車燈等電器部件是否正常,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有無異響,排氣煙色是否正常,儀表指示是否正常等,發(fā)現(xiàn)故障及時(shí)維修。
6.運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)作業(yè)部檢查。檢查載秧臺(tái)、送秧部件及插植臂等插植部件是否工作正常,發(fā)現(xiàn)故障及時(shí)維修。
7.行走檢查。緩慢起步,檢查插秧機(jī)行走是否平穩(wěn),制動(dòng)器、變速器是否正常工作等,發(fā)現(xiàn)故障及時(shí)維修。
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