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青島：新技術(shù)助力 讓大戶種糧更輕松

2020-12-08 09:17:53 來源：青島市農(nóng)機(jī)中心 作者：丁厚冉 閱讀量：22171 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：小麥-玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)是青島市2020年種植業(yè)十項(xiàng)性技術(shù)之一。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 小麥-玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)是青島市2020年種植業(yè)十項(xiàng)性技術(shù)之一。該技術(shù)以深化機(jī)藝融合、實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)本增效為目標(biāo)，從改革小麥和玉米種植方式入手，對(duì)種肥異位同播、滴灌水肥一體化、無人機(jī)等綠色防控病蟲害和機(jī)械化收獲等單項(xiàng)技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成創(chuàng)新，破解了我市小麥玉米規(guī)模種植情況下存在的水資源緊張、勞動(dòng)力短缺、生產(chǎn)成本高、種植效益低等瓶頸問題，為糧食作物規(guī)?；a(chǎn)提供現(xiàn)代化技術(shù)。核心技術(shù)小麥玉米滴灌栽培歷經(jīng)10年探索與創(chuàng)新，已從“試驗(yàn)田”進(jìn)入“規(guī)模糧田”，支撐我市小麥在不同年份、不同地點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用不同品種連續(xù)三年高畝產(chǎn)突破800公斤，成為全省典范。
 
　　一、技術(shù)概述
 
　　(一)科學(xué)選用品種，采用種肥異位同播技術(shù)播種。
 
　　(二)改革種植方式，適應(yīng)滴灌水肥一體化、全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)應(yīng)用，如水澆地小麥改“有畦背”為“無畦背”、玉米改“等行距種植”為“寬窄行種植”。
 
　　(三)推廣應(yīng)用滴灌水肥一體化技術(shù)。小麥玉米滴灌水肥一體化裝備系統(tǒng)主要包括水源、首部(水泵及過濾器、施肥裝置)、配水(主管道)、地面滴灌(支管、毛管)四項(xiàng)工程，其中首部、配水(主管道)可使用10-20年，地面滴灌支管可使用4-5年，滴灌毛管根據(jù)規(guī)格不同，使用期為1-3年。
 
　　(四)根據(jù)土壤類型和種植方式，合理設(shè)計(jì)滴灌管道鋪設(shè)規(guī)格，配套機(jī)械鋪收作業(yè)技術(shù)，根據(jù)土壤墑情，在小麥起身拔節(jié)和開花灌漿期、玉米大喇叭口和花粒期進(jìn)行追肥管理。
 
　　(五)采用無人機(jī)、噴稈噴霧機(jī)等綠色防控病蟲害，噴灑效率高、對(duì)作業(yè)人員安全。
 
　　(六)推廣應(yīng)用機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)，提高效率，節(jié)約用工，促進(jìn)糧食作物實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)?；a(chǎn)、集約化經(jīng)營(yíng)。
 
　　二、推廣做法
 
　　(一)建立試驗(yàn)示范點(diǎn)
 
　　今年，市農(nóng)機(jī)中心在平度市蓼蘭鎮(zhèn)和田莊鎮(zhèn)、萊西市姜山鎮(zhèn)、膠州市洋河鎮(zhèn)安排試驗(yàn)示范點(diǎn)，開展小麥玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范。同時(shí)，還在平度市、膠州市及萊西市安排了馬鈴薯茬、胡蘿卜茬夏玉米新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范。
 
　　(二)開展試驗(yàn)研究
 
　　今年市農(nóng)機(jī)中心在平度市蓼蘭鎮(zhèn)青農(nóng)種子產(chǎn)銷專業(yè)合作社開展了玉米寬窄行種植條件下不同玉米品種(登海605、偉科966、迪卡517)、不同密度(每畝4500、5000、5500株)對(duì)比試驗(yàn)，同時(shí)開展了水肥菌一體化滴灌栽培新模式下玉米高產(chǎn)攻關(guān)。
 
　　(三)組織示范觀摩
 
　　6-10月份，青島市各級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)部門先后舉辦玉米新品種新技術(shù)考察觀摩會(huì)，組織現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀摩玉米新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范田。
 
　　(四)加強(qiáng)宣傳引導(dǎo)
 
　　通過微信服務(wù)群、廣播、電視和報(bào)紙等多種媒體，多形式，多渠道，廣泛宣傳引導(dǎo)應(yīng)用小麥玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。
 
　　三、取得成效
 
　　(一)技術(shù)應(yīng)用效果突出
 
　　6月22日，省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳組織省農(nóng)技推廣總站、省種子管理總站、青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)等5位專家，對(duì)位于萊西市姜山鎮(zhèn)怡禾家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的小麥滴灌栽培新模式示范田進(jìn)行實(shí)收測(cè)產(chǎn)，畝產(chǎn)達(dá)到806.02公斤。
 
　　9月30日，青島市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局組織有關(guān)專家對(duì)位于萊西市姜山鎮(zhèn)春曉家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范田實(shí)收測(cè)產(chǎn)，實(shí)測(cè)畝產(chǎn)達(dá)到817.2公斤。
 
　　10月20日，青島市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局組織專家對(duì)市農(nóng)機(jī)中心和平度市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局安排在平度市蓼蘭鎮(zhèn)青農(nóng)種子產(chǎn)銷專業(yè)合作社玉米生產(chǎn)基地的玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)示范田進(jìn)行實(shí)收測(cè)產(chǎn)，實(shí)測(cè)畝產(chǎn)1021.25公斤。這也是青島市今年玉米實(shí)收測(cè)產(chǎn)高記錄。
 
　　(二)試驗(yàn)示范*
 
　　通過試驗(yàn)研究及高產(chǎn)攻關(guān)取得有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，為進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化技術(shù)規(guī)程提供科技了支撐。同時(shí)，通過多點(diǎn)示范，組織現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀摩會(huì)，并加大宣傳力度，充分發(fā)揮了示范作用。
 
　　下一步，中心將繼續(xù)加大新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范推廣力度，開展滴灌栽培新模式下優(yōu)質(zhì)專用小麥新品種試驗(yàn)展示及高產(chǎn)示范，對(duì)小麥-玉米滴灌水肥一體全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化完善，為我市糧食適度規(guī)模生產(chǎn)提供有力技術(shù)支撐。

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