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怎樣排除聯(lián)合收割機作業(yè)時易發(fā)故障

2020-05-29 08:44:53 來源：中國農(nóng)機推廣網(wǎng) 閱讀量：17737 評論

導讀：小麥聯(lián)合收割機掉麥粒的故障是指在割麥中麥粒掉在割臺前邊的麥田里。產(chǎn)生這種故障可能有下述原因：①拔禾輪位置安裝不當，作業(yè)時彈齒軸打在麥穗上。②拔禾輪轉速過高。③小麥熟過收割太晚。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】 一、掉麥稈
 
　　麥田出現(xiàn)掉麥稈現(xiàn)象，多是由于撥禾輪位置安裝不當或轉速過低、分禾器偏斜引起的。因此，修理時：
 
　　1、要矯正偏斜的分禾器，規(guī)范切割范圍。
 
　　2、要適當提高拔禾輪轉速，使它與機器前進速度相適應。
 
　　3、重新調整撥禾輪的安裝位置。對因撥禾輪前后位置安裝不正確引起的故障，調整時，應放松張緊輪，取下傳動V帶，再松開穿在支臂上的固定螺釘，前后移動撥禾輪，即可達到改變其前后位置之目的。一般情況下，拔禾輪軸多放在割刀前60 - 70mm。對高低位置安裝不對的拔禾輪，它的位置改變是靠裝在拔禾輪兩端的液壓油缸來完成，只要駕駛員操作升降手柄即可，當彈齒軸轉至下方打在被割小麥高度的2/3或稍上位置才算。
 
　　二、掉麥粒
 
　　小麥聯(lián)合收割機掉麥粒的故障是指在割麥中麥粒掉在割臺前邊的麥田里。產(chǎn)生這種故障可能有下述原因：①拔禾輪位置安裝不當，作業(yè)時彈齒軸打在麥穗上。②拔禾輪轉速過高。③小麥熟過收割太晚。
 
　　排除的方法如下：①按前述方法把撥禾輪的位置安裝正確，不要讓彈齒軸打在麥穗上。②適當降低撥禾輪轉速，減少對麥稈的打擊次數(shù)。③對熟過的小麥好在晚上和早晨收割，切忌在中午收割。
 
　　三、割不掉麥稈
 
　　小麥聯(lián)合收割機割不掉麥稈,則表明動刀片運動受阻。其原因多是在作業(yè)中麥茬留得太低，切割器啃土，割刀被畦埂內的石塊、鐵絲、木棍等硬物卡?。换蛞騻鲃訋Оl(fā)生打滑所致。
 
　　排除方法：首先要停止割臺上的傳動動力,再用手來回拉動刀桿,這樣便可把夾在刀片間的硬物取出。如硬物已損壞刀片，間隙撐大，還應按要求修復更換損壞的刀片，調整好定、動刀片的問隙。
 
　　四、麥稈前傾
 
　　麥稈前傾指的是收割機割下的小麥不是倒在螺旋推運器上，而是倒向麥田。產(chǎn)生這種故障除因撥禾輪位置安裝不對外，拔禾輪轉速過低也是主要原因。因此，修理時除了按正確的方法重新調整好撥禾輪的安裝位置外，,還要適當提高拔禾輪的轉速或降低機器的前進速度。一般情況下，割麥時撥禾輪的速度應高于機器的前進速度1.1-1.2倍。
 
　　五、割臺上堆積小麥
 
　　小麥聯(lián)合收割機是靠拔禾輪、螺旋推運器、傾斜輸送器的相互作用，把割下的小麥輸送到脫粒裝置。只有當它們安裝位置不符合要求，相互配合間隙增大時，才會發(fā)生堆麥現(xiàn)象。因此，排除時應根據(jù)小麥長勢調整好推運器葉片、伸縮扒桿與割臺之間的距離。
 
　　方法是先松開螺旋推運器兩端上的固定螺釘,再擰松調節(jié)螺桿上的螺母,向里擰動時,葉片與割臺底板間隙增大。反之，則間隙變小。調整好后再把松開的螺釘緊固好。伸縮扒桿與割臺底板的間隙調整是靠改變調節(jié)把的位置來實現(xiàn)。當松開調節(jié)把上的固定螺母，向上扳動手把時，扒桿與底板間隙變小。反之，則間隙變大。調畢，再擰緊松開的螺母。其次是調整傾斜輸送器上的鏈條，它的松緊度是靠擰動輸送器兩邊的調整螺母來實現(xiàn)。
 
　　排除鏈條跑偏故障的方法是，向哪邊跑偏就緊固哪邊的螺母，直到鏈條不再出現(xiàn)跑偏為止。對因撥禾輪位置安裝不對導致扶禾與鋪放作用變差時，還應按前述方法重新調整撥禾輪的安裝位置。
 
　　六、刺麥稈
 
　　割刀刺麥稈的故障是由于定、動刀片的配合間隙增大，動刀片中心線與護刃器中心線偏差太大，刀片不鋒利或刀片上的鋸齒磨損所致。修理時必須切斷割刀上的動力，再設法把刺在割刀內的麥稈拔出。對少數(shù)動刀片與護刃器中心線不相重合的故障，糾正時可用一截鋼管套在護刃器上用左右撬動的方法進行解決，若割刀中心線普遍偏差較大，就須卸下驅動機構，做整體調整。對前后間隙都偏大的割刀，排除時可用小錘敲擊壓刃器的前部。反之，應錘擊壓刃器的后部(割刀前端應密接無間隙、后端間隙為0.3-1mm)。同時還應換掉磨鈍或掉齒的刀片。這樣在割麥中割刀就不會出現(xiàn)刺麥稈的故障。
 
　　七、滾筒堵塞
 
　　滾筒堵塞的故障，多發(fā)生在裝有紋桿式滾筒的聯(lián)合收割機上。當滾筒堵塞后，使用了放堵裝置仍不能解決問題的，就應停機，用手撥出堵塞的秸稈。要想避免該故障的再次發(fā)生提高工效，在操作中切勿等滾筒堵塞后再使用放堵裝置。一定要在滾筒即將堵塞的瞬間，操作放堵機構，排出堵塞物。要想脫粒裝置少堵或不堵，使用中適當降低聯(lián)合收割機的前進速度和提高滾筒轉速十分重要。
 
　　八、裹麥粒
 
　　裹麥粒是指收割機脫出物中含有大量麥粒。它的產(chǎn)生原因不外乎以下幾點：①擋草簾損壞。②鍵面孔篩堵塞。③逐稿器運動頻率低等。
 
　　排除方法：①清除鍵面孔篩上的雜草、麥稈。②換掉損壞的擋草簾。③提高逐稿器上的傳動帶緊度或轉速。④雙滾筒式收割機，要想麥稈中不裹麥草，只有減少喂入量和提高滾筒轉速的方法來消除。
 
　　九、脫粒不凈
 
　　這種故障是指小麥聯(lián)合收割機在收獲中排出物中含有大量麥穗。故障多是因為脫粒間隙過大，滾筒轉速低，滾筒上的紋桿或凹板磨損所致。根據(jù)故障原因可選用下列方法排除：①降低車速，減少喂入量。②提高滾筒轉速。③按照使用說明書上的要求調整好脫粒間隙。若采取了上述方法后，故障仍不能排除就應換掉磨損的紋桿和凹板。
 
　　十、麥粒中含有雜質
 
　　一般情況下，經(jīng)聯(lián)合收割機清選后的小麥是不含雜質的。產(chǎn)生的原因：①風向不對，風量不足。②篩子的開度不當。排除方法：①移動調節(jié)板的上下安裝位置來改變風向，通過改變風扇無級變速器轉速或吸風口的大小來調節(jié)風量。就風量分布而言，應該是前篩入口處大，后篩出口處小，風量大小以能把麥粒吹散、浮起，把穎糠吹跑而吹不掉秕麥粒為標準。②重新調整篩子的開度及安裝位置。
 
　　十一、碎粒超標
 
　　脫出碎麥粒超標的小麥聯(lián)合收割機，多是由下列原因引起的：機器的前進速度慢，小麥喂入量少，滾筒轉速過高或脫粒間隙小等。排除的方法：①從提高收割機的行駛速度入手，增加喂入量。②在保證小麥脫凈的前提下，適當降低滾筒轉速。③調大脫粒間隙，直到脫出的小麥碎粒不超標為止。以上各種故障都是從小麥聯(lián)合收割機本身找出的原因。象小麥未成熟，麥稈發(fā)潮，熟后的小麥雨后收割等也會引起故障的發(fā)生。遇此情況，機手只能用放慢車速、減少小麥喂入量和提高滾筒轉速的方法來解決。(陜西省岐山縣農(nóng)機技術推廣服務中心   王發(fā)明)

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