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2019年棉花生產(chǎn)后期管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)

2019-09-17 08:38:44 來(lái)源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部新聞辦公室 閱讀量:12980 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:當(dāng)前,我國(guó)棉花陸續(xù)進(jìn)入吐絮成熟期,為加強(qiáng)棉區(qū)后期田間管理指導(dǎo),推動(dòng)棉花生產(chǎn)提質(zhì)增效,全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組,根據(jù)不同棉區(qū)當(dāng)前棉花長(zhǎng)勢(shì)與氣候特點(diǎn)以及不同的栽培種植模式,提出以下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 通知公告】 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組  全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心
 
  當(dāng)前,我國(guó)棉花陸續(xù)進(jìn)入吐絮成熟期,為加強(qiáng)棉區(qū)后期田間管理指導(dǎo),推動(dòng)棉花生產(chǎn)提質(zhì)增效,全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組,根據(jù)不同棉區(qū)當(dāng)前棉花長(zhǎng)勢(shì)與氣候特點(diǎn)以及不同的栽培種植模式,提出以下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
  一、一季春播棉田
 
  (一)田間管理。早衰棉田后期容易出現(xiàn)二次生長(zhǎng),應(yīng)及時(shí)摘除新生贅芽。晚茬與旺長(zhǎng)棉田提倡去除空枝、老葉,防止田間郁蔽。對(duì)于輕度倒伏的棉田可推株并壟,改善田間通風(fēng)透光條件。同時(shí),及時(shí)清除高大雜草和菟絲子等惡性雜草。
 
  (二)葉面噴肥。對(duì)受淹或漬澇影響以及有早衰跡象的棉田,可采用葉面噴肥,用商品葉面肥或3%的尿素溶液加0.5%磷酸二氫鉀溶液,每隔5~7天噴一次,連噴2~3次。需要脫葉催熟和機(jī)械采收的棉田勿要葉面噴肥。葉面噴肥時(shí)間應(yīng)選擇陰天或傍晚進(jìn)行,以防“燒葉”。為減少用工,葉片噴肥可與噴灑化學(xué)農(nóng)藥結(jié)合進(jìn)行。
 
  (三)防治害蟲。加大對(duì)棉田灰飛虱、棉盲蝽、斜紋夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾等蟲害的防治力度,做好統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,減小因棉株徒長(zhǎng)或貪青晚熟等因素造成的棉田大規(guī)模病蟲害發(fā)生幾率。
 
  (四)新疆棉區(qū)。一是加強(qiáng)以促早熟為主的肥水化控管理,打頂后通過(guò)化控塑造棉田合理產(chǎn)量結(jié)構(gòu)和群體冠層結(jié)構(gòu),防止棉田徒長(zhǎng)郁閉;二是加強(qiáng)防災(zāi)減害綜合管理,重點(diǎn)做好棉鈴蟲、棉盲蝽、紅蜘蛛及鈴病防治,加強(qiáng)后期防災(zāi)工作,特別是雹災(zāi)、雨災(zāi)等災(zāi)害性天氣;三是加強(qiáng)脫葉催熟管理,根據(jù)棉花吐絮率和氣候條件,適時(shí)噴施脫葉催熟劑;四是加強(qiáng)采收管理,機(jī)采棉田采收前清除田間雜物、殘膜、滴灌管件,棉田脫葉率≥93%、吐絮率≥95%時(shí)進(jìn)行采收,手采棉田要杜絕“三絲”混入或混等混級(jí)。
 
  二、育苗移栽棉田
 
  (一)及時(shí)化控。遲發(fā)晚熟棉田,當(dāng)多數(shù)棉鈴達(dá)到鈴期70%~80%(即45天以上),且連續(xù)3~5天日高溫度在20℃以上(一般在10月中旬左右)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)催熟處理,用40%乙烯利水劑200毫升/畝,對(duì)水40~50公斤/畝進(jìn)行噴霧,使棉株上下部葉片均勻著藥。
 
  (二)防治病蟲。通過(guò)增施鉀肥、排澇降漬、施葉面肥等措施,預(yù)防“兩萎病”發(fā)生;對(duì)于發(fā)病且病情較重的棉田,可采用藥劑灌根、拔除病株等措施。增強(qiáng)田間通風(fēng)透光、排水降漬,防止?fàn)€鈴。吐絮時(shí)期發(fā)生的鈴病容易引起爛鈴,可用200倍的波爾多液或50%代森鋅可濕性粉劑600倍液噴灑,每隔l0~15天噴1次,連續(xù)3~4次。要重點(diǎn)防治斜紋夜蛾和煙粉虱,成蟲發(fā)生期用性誘劑誘殺;幼蟲發(fā)生期可用核型多角體病毒殺蟲劑等生物藥劑進(jìn)行防治,且佳防治期宜選擇在尚未分散為害的2齡幼蟲期,進(jìn)行低容量噴霧,除了植株上要均勻著藥以外,植株根際附近地面也要噴透,以防滾落地面的幼蟲漏治。煙粉虱蟲量大發(fā)生(≧3頭/平方厘米)時(shí),用50%烯啶蟲胺可溶粒劑15000倍液噴霧。
 
  (三)減災(zāi)采收。密切關(guān)注臺(tái)風(fēng)等氣象災(zāi)害影響,積極采取防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)措施。臺(tái)風(fēng)暴雨后要及時(shí)排澇降漬、扶理棉株并適當(dāng)培土固根,根據(jù)災(zāi)后棉株情況可結(jié)合根外追肥,促恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。同時(shí),做到及時(shí)采收,棉鈴鈴殼開(kāi)裂后1周左右為佳采收期。
 
  三、麥(油)后直播棉田
 
  (一)養(yǎng)分補(bǔ)給。麥(油)后直播棉一般上部結(jié)鈴較多。在長(zhǎng)勢(shì)不足情況下,應(yīng)于9月中旬,及時(shí)噴施葉面專用肥補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng),也可直接噴2%的尿素和0.1%的磷酸二氫鉀溶液,增結(jié)棉鈴、增加鈴重。
 
  (二)科學(xué)化控。麥(油)后直播棉開(kāi)花成鈴集中,可于10月上旬,選擇晴好無(wú)風(fēng)天氣,用噻苯隆粉劑30~40克/畝與40%乙烯利水劑200~300毫升/畝,對(duì)水40~50 公斤/畝進(jìn)行全田噴霧。脫葉催熟劑要求現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用,噴藥后8小時(shí)如遇雨,應(yīng)當(dāng)補(bǔ)噴。噴藥時(shí)應(yīng)噴灑均勻,使棉株上下部葉片均勻著藥,達(dá)到棉花全株受藥。對(duì)成熟偏遲的或噴期延遲的棉田,應(yīng)適當(dāng)加大用量。脫葉催熟處理后,一般15~20天集中吐絮,要注意及時(shí)采收。
 
  (三)防災(zāi)減害。對(duì)于干旱棉田應(yīng)及時(shí)灌水,如遇臺(tái)風(fēng)暴雨造成棉株倒伏,要加強(qiáng)災(zāi)后扶理和恢復(fù)管理。后期重點(diǎn)做好紅蜘蛛、棉鈴蟲等病蟲害防治,堅(jiān)持綜合防治和生物防治為主。
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