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藏糧于地藏糧于技，這一“農(nóng)業(yè)5G”技術造福子孫后代！

2019-06-26 16:56:21 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：49099 評論

導讀：耕地是人類賴以生存的基本資源和條件，隨著我國人口的不斷增多，耕地資源卻在逐年減少。在建設現(xiàn)代化大農(nóng)業(yè)的進程中，要保持農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展首先要確保耕地的數(shù)量和質量，因此，保護性耕作的重要性越來越凸顯。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 耕地是人類賴以生存的基本資源和條件，隨著我國人口的不斷增多，耕地資源卻在逐年減少。在建設現(xiàn)代化大農(nóng)業(yè)的進程中，要保持農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展首先要確保耕地的數(shù)量和質量，因此，保護性耕作的重要性越來越凸顯。
 
　　我國保護性耕作專家中國科學院沈陽應用生態(tài)研究所張旭東研究員、解宏圖副研究員表示：發(fā)展保護性耕作技術，對促進生態(tài)環(huán)境保護、糧食安全、農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)機的轉型升級，都具有重大意義與作用。

圖片來源：愛科集團
 
　　什么是保護性耕作？
 
　　保護性耕作是指通過少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施，減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕，保護農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境，并獲得生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟效益及社會效益協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術。其核心技術包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農(nóng)田土壤表面耕作技術及其配套的專用機具等；配套技術包括綠色覆蓋種植、作物輪作、帶狀種植、多作種植、合理密植、沙化草地恢復以及農(nóng)田防護林建設等。
 
　　其實，保護性耕作并不是多么高深的技術，通俗的說就是盡量少動土、少耕地，讓土地休養(yǎng)生息，慢慢恢復“體力”。保護性耕作主要有4個特點：深松打破犁底層，有利于雨水下滲和作物根系成長，建立*的土壤水庫；利用免耕、少耕技術，減少對土壤層的破壞；用大量秸稈和殘茬覆蓋地表，以減少雨水地表徑流和水分的蒸發(fā)；秸稈腐爛形成大量的有機質，增加土壤肥力。
 
　　東北地區(qū)的黑土地是我國極其重要的耕地資源，東三省在保護黑土地方面也做了大量積極有效的工作。
 
　　黑龍江省大力推廣秸稈機械化還田
 
　　據(jù)悉，黑龍江省將保護性耕作重點放在解決機械化秸稈還田耕種上，在全省快速形成保護性耕作技術推廣勢頭。早在2004年，黑龍江省就開展了保護性耕作技術試驗示范，圍繞秸稈還田提高地力這一核心，探索出了適合當?shù)氐谋Ｗo性耕作技術模式：旱田以深松深翻為基礎，少耕為原則，免耕為方向，建立了“三種方式一個體系”的模式，即翻埋、碎混、覆蓋三種還田方式，“一翻(松)兩免”輪耕輪作體系；水田采用“兩種方式一個模式”，即水田攪漿、翻埋兩種還田方式，“一翻兩旋”輪耕模式。此外，按照農(nóng)機與農(nóng)藝融合原則，黑龍江農(nóng)機技術人員通過多年分區(qū)試驗，對深松機、秸稈還田機、免耕播種機、植保機、秸稈處理機、玉米收獲機等進行了大量試驗示范篩選配套集成，篩選出適應黑龍江保護性耕作技術的配套裝備。
 
　　目前，黑龍江全省保護性耕作累計推廣面積已達5504萬畝，建立了55個省級保護性耕作示范縣，明確了適合黑龍江省的保護性耕作技術模式，并篩選出了適應的保護性耕作技術配套裝備。
 
　　吉林省對機械化保護性耕作技術作業(yè)進行補貼
 
　　2018年9月，吉林省印發(fā)《關于加快推廣秸稈覆蓋還田保護性耕作技術推進耕地質量耕作生態(tài)耕作效益“綠色增長”的實施意見》，決定2019年至2025年在全省推廣秸稈覆蓋還田保護性耕作技術，對項目區(qū)內(nèi)達到檢查驗收質量標準的項目實施面積，按照每畝30元的標準核發(fā)補助資金。2019年，吉林省計劃實施1000萬畝秸稈覆蓋還田保護性耕作任務，補貼標準為30元每畝，覆蓋全省的8個地市(州)、32個縣(市、區(qū))。
 
　　此外，吉林省還對秸稈還田的相關農(nóng)機具采取敞開式補貼，補貼額度在30%左右。針對合作社，吉林省根據(jù)新興主體農(nóng)機裝備建設項目，對保護性耕作作業(yè)機具實施累加補貼，國家和吉林省的補貼比例在1:1左右。
 
　　結語：雖然東北地區(qū)在保護性耕作工作方面已取得一些成就，但當前在全國范圍內(nèi)，農(nóng)民在這方面意識不強、接受度不高，同時相應配套的農(nóng)機具也不夠成熟，短板問題還相當突出。業(yè)內(nèi)專家認為，如同5G通訊技術代表著世界為先進的科技一樣，保護性耕作是農(nóng)業(yè)的5G技術。因此，大力推廣普及保護性耕作技術、提高保護性耕作技術裝備研究制造水平，從而讓現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)走上可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路已顯得尤為迫切，這一造福子孫后代的技術已經(jīng)到了全面發(fā)力的時候。

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