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化肥農(nóng)藥危害大，減量提效勢在必行

2018-03-21 15:51:56 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：26824 評論

導(dǎo)讀：從“十三五”開始，農(nóng)業(yè)部大力開展化肥農(nóng)藥使用量零增長行動以來，我國的化肥、農(nóng)藥使用總量均已呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢，提前實現(xiàn)了到2020年化肥、農(nóng)藥使用量零增長的目標(biāo)。但在取得成績的同時還要認(rèn)識到，我國化肥農(nóng)藥總體使用量還是很龐大的，如何進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)化肥農(nóng)藥減量增效、實現(xiàn)綠色興農(nóng)是當(dāng)前面臨的主要問題。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 從“十三五”開始，農(nóng)業(yè)部大力開展化肥農(nóng)藥使用量零增長行動以來，我國的化肥、農(nóng)藥使用總量均已呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢，提前實現(xiàn)了到2020年化肥、農(nóng)藥使用量零增長的目標(biāo)。但在取得成績的同時還要認(rèn)識到，我國化肥農(nóng)藥總體使用量還是很龐大的，如何進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)化肥農(nóng)藥減量增效、實現(xiàn)綠色興農(nóng)是當(dāng)前面臨的主要問題。
 
　　多措并舉，提高化肥農(nóng)藥利用率
 
 
　　據(jù)了解，2017年我國水稻、玉米、小麥三大糧食作物化肥利用率為37.8%，農(nóng)藥利用率為38.8%，而美國糧食作物氮肥利用率大體在50%，歐洲糧食作物氮肥利用率大體在65%；歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家小麥、玉米等糧食作物的農(nóng)藥利用率在50%至60%?？梢娢覈r(nóng)藥化肥利用率與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比還存在一定差距。據(jù)測算，化肥利用率提高2.6個百分點，相當(dāng)于減少尿素用量130萬噸(實物量)，減少生產(chǎn)投入約26億元；減少的化肥投入相當(dāng)于減少氮排放近60萬噸、節(jié)省130萬噸燃煤或90萬立方米天然氣。農(nóng)藥利用率提高2.2個百分點，相當(dāng)于減少農(nóng)藥使用量3萬噸(實物量)，減少生產(chǎn)投入約12億元。提高化肥農(nóng)藥利用率，不僅節(jié)約生產(chǎn)成本，節(jié)能減排實現(xiàn)綠色興農(nóng)，對我國整體環(huán)境保護(hù)也會起到很大作用。如何來提高化肥農(nóng)藥利用率？
 
　　加力推進(jìn)集成創(chuàng)新，重點推廣化肥機(jī)械深施、機(jī)械追肥、種肥同播、水肥一體化等技術(shù)；積極推廣先進(jìn)施肥施藥機(jī)械，加快替代落后機(jī)械。如水稻插秧同步精量施肥機(jī)的推廣使用，將肥料定量、定點、定時地深施到秧苗一側(cè)的泥土里，實現(xiàn)施肥，肥料不會隨水流失，可大幅減少肥料對水體的污染；同時可搭載在插秧機(jī)上實現(xiàn)施肥與插秧同步作業(yè)，節(jié)本省工，提高化肥利用率效果非常明顯。
 
　　另外，推廣應(yīng)用農(nóng)業(yè)防治、生物防治、物理防治等綠色防控技術(shù)，推進(jìn)統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治與綠色防控融合；同時加大新型肥料、農(nóng)藥的研發(fā)力度，重點研發(fā)緩釋肥料、低毒低殘留農(nóng)藥、生物肥料、生物農(nóng)藥等新型產(chǎn)品也是提高化肥農(nóng)藥利用率的重要舉措。
 
　　政策助力，倡導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)主體節(jié)本增效
 
 
　　過去，不少農(nóng)村的種植地里出現(xiàn)這樣的一幕幕——由于缺乏環(huán)保意識和科學(xué)用藥用肥意識，一些農(nóng)民不按規(guī)定使用農(nóng)藥量和化肥量，使用過的農(nóng)藥瓶子亂丟亂放……由于很多農(nóng)民對化肥農(nóng)藥過度使用的危害認(rèn)識不到位，因此政府加大對化肥農(nóng)藥科學(xué)用量的宣傳是*的，讓農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)主體自發(fā)減少化肥農(nóng)藥使用量，指導(dǎo)家庭農(nóng)場、合作社、帶頭減化肥、減農(nóng)藥，從源頭減輕農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染；在全國建立一批不同類型的化肥、農(nóng)藥減量增效示范區(qū)，充分發(fā)揮其、示范和*作用；同時政府加大補(bǔ)貼力度，出臺相關(guān)支農(nóng)惠農(nóng)政策，在政策方面對農(nóng)民予以支持。
 
　　長期、大量使用化肥農(nóng)藥，不僅會對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生有毒有害物質(zhì)殘留、對人體健康產(chǎn)生危害；同時還會使土壤養(yǎng)分失衡、土壤肥力和有機(jī)質(zhì)下降，導(dǎo)致耕地土壤酸化、土壤流失，嚴(yán)重會導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié)，終喪失農(nóng)業(yè)耕種價值。因此，倡導(dǎo)科學(xué)用量，全面加快推進(jìn)化肥農(nóng)藥使用的減量化，踐行實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略提出的“加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染防治，開展農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展行動，實現(xiàn)投入品減量化、生產(chǎn)清潔化、廢棄物資源化、產(chǎn)業(yè)模式生態(tài)化”勢在必行。
 
　　資料來源：經(jīng)濟(jì)日報

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