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耕地“治污”：還需農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械協(xié)同發(fā)力

2017-03-17 13:24:00 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：35392 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：民以食為天，食以安為先。確保糧食安全，增加農(nóng)民收入，保護(hù)耕地至關(guān)重要。耕地質(zhì)量的提升不僅關(guān)系著糧食綜合生產(chǎn)能力和農(nóng)業(yè)效益，更關(guān)系著農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和農(nóng)民增收。多年來，秸稈、農(nóng)膜、農(nóng)藥化肥等引起的土壤污染、地力下降等問題，引起國家高度重視。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 行業(yè)要聞】民以食為天，食以安為先。確保糧食安全，增加農(nóng)民收入，保護(hù)耕地至關(guān)重要。耕地質(zhì)量的提升不僅關(guān)系著糧食綜合生產(chǎn)能力和農(nóng)業(yè)效益，更關(guān)系著農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和農(nóng)民增收。多年來，秸稈、農(nóng)膜、農(nóng)藥化肥等引起的土壤污染、地力下降等問題，引起國家高度重視。

　　2017年兩會(huì)，解決土地污染問題再次成為代表們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)，環(huán)保部部長陳吉寧說：“解決當(dāng)前土壤污染問題基本思路是堅(jiān)持預(yù)防為主，保護(hù)優(yōu)先，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控。強(qiáng)調(diào)：一是預(yù)防，二是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控，三是安全利用。”那么，我們究竟該如何落實(shí)才能打好這場土地治污提質(zhì)的硬仗呢？
 
　　耕地治污要解決三大問題
 
　　耕地治污并不是盲目進(jìn)行的，要治理好耕地污染，首先得明確這三個(gè)問題：
 
　　，化肥農(nóng)藥污染。我國是世界上化肥、農(nóng)藥使用量大的國家，年施用量分別達(dá)4700萬噸和130多萬噸，而利用率僅為35%左右，流失的化肥和農(nóng)藥造成土壤、地表水和地下水污染，受污染的耕地約有1.5億畝；第二，農(nóng)膜白色污染。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國農(nóng)膜每年殘留量高達(dá)四十多萬噸，殘膜率達(dá)20%~40%，比如新疆棉花種植農(nóng)膜殘留率達(dá)25%；第三，秸稈利用率低。我國每年產(chǎn)生大約7億噸農(nóng)作物秸稈，有效利用率卻不足50%。以上三種污染嚴(yán)重影響了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率，阻礙農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。那么，針對(duì)這三大問題，治污要從何處著手？
 
　　政策護(hù)航耕地治污
 
　　為更好地解決耕地污染，農(nóng)業(yè)部于2015年印發(fā)了《關(guān)于打好農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的實(shí)施意見》，其中提出了到2020年農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理的目標(biāo)，即“一控兩減三基本”。要求控制農(nóng)業(yè)用水總量和農(nóng)業(yè)水環(huán)境污染，化肥、農(nóng)藥減量使用，禽糞污、農(nóng)膜、農(nóng)作物秸稈基本得到資源化、綜合循環(huán)再利用和無害化處理。
 
　　今年，“一控兩減三基本”還在不斷推進(jìn)和實(shí)施中，此外，在耕地治污上，農(nóng)業(yè)部還印發(fā)了關(guān)于貫徹落實(shí)《土壤污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》的實(shí)施意見。提出到2020年，完成耕地土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量類別劃定，土壤污染治理有序推進(jìn)，耕地重金屬污染、白色污染等得到有效遏制?？梢?，國家對(duì)于耕地污染治理重視程度之高，在落實(shí)政策上的不遺余力。當(dāng)然，耕地治污僅憑政策手段是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)力耕地治污
 
　　近年來，隨著國家惠農(nóng)政策的不斷施力和科技投入的不斷增加，各種適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械得以研發(fā)和使用，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和耕地污染治理中發(fā)揮著更大作用。
 
　　秸稈機(jī)械 隨著農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的不斷發(fā)展和農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷成熟，秸稈機(jī)械化直接還田成為一條快捷、能大批量處理剩余秸稈的有效途徑,能有效遏制秸稈焚燒行為，大大減少環(huán)境污染。秸稈機(jī)械化直接還田能顯著提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量，增強(qiáng)蓄水保墑能力。
 
　　植保機(jī)械 植保是農(nóng)業(yè)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)的主要措施，也是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全的技術(shù)保障。為響應(yīng)農(nóng)藥化肥“零增長”號(hào)召，我國諸多地區(qū)利用農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼等政策和重大病蟲害統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治等項(xiàng)目，扶持社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織，引進(jìn)新型植保機(jī)械，開展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，減少盲目及重復(fù)施藥，提高農(nóng)藥利用率。預(yù)計(jì)未來，各種新型植保機(jī)械，如：自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī)、大型風(fēng)送彌霧機(jī)等將成為主要施藥機(jī)械，植保無人機(jī)作業(yè)面積也將逐年增加。
 
　　廢舊地膜回收機(jī)械 農(nóng)膜在提高地溫、保水、保肥，改進(jìn)近地面光熱條件的同時(shí)也極易造成地膜殘留。農(nóng)膜殘留負(fù)作用很多，解決的辦法有多種，但利用殘膜回收機(jī)進(jìn)行及時(shí)回收效果好。早在2016年有消息說，農(nóng)業(yè)部委托農(nóng)業(yè)部南京農(nóng)機(jī)化所在新疆地區(qū)做殘留農(nóng)膜機(jī)具的試驗(yàn)，農(nóng)膜回收設(shè)備將成為農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼的重點(diǎn)支持方向之一。預(yù)計(jì)2017年，甘肅、新疆、陜西、寧夏等地農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼政策將重點(diǎn)推廣殘膜回收設(shè)備。
 
　　結(jié)語：耕地治污是一項(xiàng)大工程，需要從技術(shù)水平、監(jiān)管措施、補(bǔ)貼政策等多方發(fā)力。目前，實(shí)施綠色生態(tài)為導(dǎo)向的農(nóng)業(yè)支持保護(hù)補(bǔ)貼政策，引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民綜合采取秸稈還田、深松整地、減少化肥農(nóng)藥用量、施用有機(jī)肥等措施，切實(shí)加強(qiáng)耕地質(zhì)量保護(hù)，減少耕地污染，不失為一種好方法。

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