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2024年全國早稻病蟲害發(fā)生趨勢預報
2024-06-04
08:35:50
來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣服務中心 閱讀量:17287
評論
導讀:預計今年早稻病蟲害總體偏重發(fā)生,全國發(fā)生面積2.58億畝次。
【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】 根據(jù)當前病蟲發(fā)生基數(shù)、水稻品種抗性、栽培情況和氣象條件等綜合分析,預計今年早稻病蟲害總體偏重發(fā)生,全國發(fā)生面積2.58億畝次。其中,水稻二化螟、“兩遷”害蟲、紋枯病偏重發(fā)生,局部地區(qū)大發(fā)生;稻瘟病及其他病蟲害偏輕至中等發(fā)生。
發(fā)生趨勢
二化螟在華南東部、江南、長江中下游稻區(qū)偏重發(fā)生,湘北、湘中、贛北、贛中及沿江沿淮局部地區(qū)大發(fā)生,華南中西部、西南南部稻區(qū)偏輕至中等發(fā)生,全國發(fā)生面積5800萬畝次。
稻飛虱在華南、江南中西部稻區(qū)偏重發(fā)生,西南南部、江南東部、長江中下游稻區(qū)中等發(fā)生,發(fā)生面積6500萬畝次。
稻縱卷葉螟在華南中西部偏重發(fā)生,華南東部和南部、江南、長江中下游稻區(qū)中等發(fā)生,全國發(fā)生面積5000萬畝次。
紋枯病在華南、江南、長江中下游稻區(qū)偏重發(fā)生,西南南部偏輕發(fā)生,全國發(fā)生面積6000萬畝次。
稻瘟病在華南東部和南部、江南、長江中游稻區(qū)中等發(fā)生,丘陵山區(qū)、老病區(qū)和感病品種種植區(qū)局部重發(fā)風險高,全國發(fā)生面積1000萬畝次。
南方水稻黑條矮縮病、水稻白葉枯病、三化螟、大螟等其他病蟲害在部分稻區(qū)有一定程度發(fā)生,全國發(fā)生面積1500萬畝次。
預測依據(jù)
(一)多數(shù)病蟲具備中等至大發(fā)生基數(shù)
1.二化螟。目前,二化螟處于一代幼蟲危害盛期。江南稻區(qū)重發(fā),湖南、江西平均畝幼蟲量為1200—2200頭,湘北、湘中、贛中、贛北局部達0.5萬—3萬頭;枯鞘叢率一般為1%—25%,枯心率低于5%。華南、長江中下游稻區(qū)中等發(fā)生,畝幼蟲量,廣西、福建、湖北一般為600—800頭,同比增加50%以上,廣東、安徽一般為200—300頭,同比增加1倍以上,桂中、桂東北、閩北、粵北、江漢平原南部、皖南及沿江地區(qū)個別田塊達0.3萬—4萬頭;枯鞘叢率一般低于10%,枯心率低于2%。
2.稻飛虱。受大范圍降雨、低空急流等因素影響,4月以來,華南、江南、西南稻區(qū)稻飛虱遷入峰次多,華南中西部、西南南部稻區(qū)遷入蟲量大,截至5月30日,廣西、云南、廣東全省分別累計誘蟲49.2萬、25.8萬、3.2萬頭,同比分別增加1.2倍、1.7倍、63.5%。4月下旬、5月上中旬、5月下旬出現(xiàn)3次集中遷入峰,桂北、桂南、桂東、桂西、粵中、閩南、贛南、滇南、黔東南、渝南等地同期出現(xiàn)單燈單日千頭以上蟲峰。經(jīng)防控,南方稻區(qū)田間蟲量一般低于防控指標,但前期連續(xù)遷入的華南、江南和西南早稻區(qū)田間蟲量較高,其中華南西部平均百叢蟲量達830頭、同比增加56%,滇南、桂北、桂東、粵北、湘南、湘西、贛南局部地區(qū)達3000—8000頭,桂西、粵東個別田塊超萬頭。
3.稻縱卷葉螟。4月以來,華南、江南稻區(qū)稻縱卷葉螟遷入蛾量大、峰次多,截至5月30日,廣西、廣東、湖南分別累計誘蛾1.8萬、0.9萬、0.4萬頭,同比增加35.1%—67.4%,較近十年均值增加6成以上,福建、江西為2300—3100頭,較近十年均值增加45.9%—70.7%。4月初、4月底至5月上旬、5月底出現(xiàn)3次集中遷入峰,桂北、桂中、桂南、桂東、粵北、粵東、閩東南、湘中、湘南等地同期出現(xiàn)單日單燈超百頭蛾峰。當前畝蛾量,華南稻區(qū)一般為50—500頭,桂中、桂東南、粵北、粵東、粵西為1000—3000頭,廣西大化、廣東梅州、惠州、云浮部分田塊達1萬—2萬頭;畝幼蟲量,華南中西部、江南西部稻區(qū)一般為2600—3500頭,桂南、粵西、湘南、贛南局部地區(qū)超萬頭,廣東茂名個別漏防田塊達7.2萬頭。
4.紋枯病、稻瘟病。田間菌源充足,部分地區(qū)感病品種偏重發(fā)生。其中,紋枯病病叢率華南、江南稻區(qū)一般為5%—17%,但桂南、粵西、粵北早插田及低洼水浸田塊局部達90%—100%;稻瘟病病葉率一般低于2%,但廣東、湖南、江西局部老病區(qū)、感病品種種植區(qū)達50%—80%。
5.南方水稻黑條矮縮病。滇南、桂西南、瓊南、瓊西、湘中零星發(fā)生。據(jù)檢測,廣西欽州、海南三亞白背飛虱帶毒率為1%—6%,早稻中后期毒源增殖風險高。
(二)品種抗性較弱、栽培條件適宜及抗藥性上升等因素增加重發(fā)流行風險
今年,早稻部分優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)型品種對稻瘟病抗性較弱,農(nóng)戶多年自留稻種抗性基本喪失,稻瘟病流行風險較高;各地橋梁田、插花田普遍,有利于害蟲輾轉(zhuǎn)為害;農(nóng)民偏施氮肥,水稻生長量大、田間郁蔽,易形成適溫高濕的田間小氣候,有利于病蟲害的發(fā)生流行。
據(jù)2023年全國農(nóng)業(yè)有害生物抗藥性監(jiān)測報告,監(jiān)測地區(qū)褐飛虱對吡蟲啉、噻蟲嗪、噻嗪酮、呋蟲胺、吡啶甲亞胺、烯啶蟲胺均處于中等至高水平抗性;白背飛虱對噻嗪酮、毒死蜱處于中等至高水平抗性;稻縱卷葉螟對氯蟲苯甲酰胺為中等至高水平抗性;二化螟對氯蟲苯甲酰胺的高水平抗性區(qū)域已由江南雙季稻區(qū)擴展至長江中下游單季稻區(qū),江西環(huán)鄱陽湖地區(qū)種群對阿維菌素為高水平抗性,科學合理用藥要求更高、難度加大。
(三)氣候條件有利于病蟲發(fā)生流行
據(jù)國家氣象中心預測,6月,我國早稻主產(chǎn)區(qū)廣東南部、廣西大部、海南、云南氣溫較常年同期偏高1—2℃,華東南部、華中南部、華南北部降水量較常年同期偏多1—5成;此外,登陸我國的臺風個數(shù)接近常年,主要影響我國華南東部和華東沿海地區(qū),可能有1—2個北上臺風登陸或嚴重影響我國。以上氣候條件總體有利于水稻“兩遷”害蟲遷飛為害,以及稻瘟病和細菌性病害的發(fā)生流行。
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