農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布2017年鮮食玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見

2017-04-21 11:21:39 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)部 閱讀量：16833 評論

　　鮮食玉米是指在玉米乳熟末期采摘果穗，用于加工或直接食用的玉米，根據(jù)品質(zhì)類型可分為甜玉米、糯玉米、甜糯玉米等。鮮食玉米是高蛋白低脂肪食品，營養(yǎng)豐富、風味獨特，是一種為居民提供營養(yǎng)健康的膳食纖維的果蔬?！度珖N植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整規(guī)劃(2016-2020年)》提出，促進玉米結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，適當發(fā)展鮮食玉米，到2020年種植面積達1500萬畝。為進一步挖掘鮮食玉米生產(chǎn)優(yōu)勢和產(chǎn)量潛力，提升鮮食品質(zhì)，促進農(nóng)民增收，助力結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，制定2017年鮮食玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見如下。
 
　　一是因地制宜，適度規(guī)模。鮮食玉米直接收獲新鮮果穗，適宜采收期相對較短。為降低大面積種植風險，提高種植效益，要市場定位，選定優(yōu)勢區(qū)域，確定生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。堅持市場導向、以銷定產(chǎn)，根據(jù)市場預期和加工需求確定種植面積，防止盲目跟風大面積種植。
 
　　二是優(yōu)選品種，隔離種植。根據(jù)當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)條件，選擇生育期適宜、豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好、抗病抗逆性強、食用品質(zhì)優(yōu)良、適宜當?shù)胤N植的高產(chǎn)鮮食玉米品種。生產(chǎn)上要進行空間或時間隔離，與其他類型玉米相距300米以上，或錯期播種，播期相隔25天左右，避免串粉，影響鮮食玉米的口感和品質(zhì)。
 
　　三是分期播種，合理密植。因地因時制宜，考慮市場需求，實行分期播種，降低種植風險。可采用露地栽培、地膜覆蓋栽培及溫室大棚設(shè)施栽培等方式分期分批播種，實現(xiàn)市場周年供應，提高種植效益。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)條件、土壤肥力、品種特性、管理水平等合理確定種植密度，宜稀不宜密，不可盲目增密。一般畝3000-3500株，確保果穗授粉充分、結(jié)實良好、籽粒飽滿，提高果穗等級和商品性，
 
　　四是科學肥水，綠色防控。施肥以有機肥為主、化肥為輔，施肥應適當前移。關(guān)鍵生育期如遇旱應及時灌溉，防止因缺肥水而出現(xiàn)果穗禿尖等問題。采取赤眼蜂、白僵菌防治等生物防治技術(shù)及時防治玉米螟，禁止使用化學農(nóng)藥，提高果穗商品性，確保食品安全。
 
　　五是適時采收，綜合利用。一般授粉后20天左右進入采收期。開花授粉后，要注意觀察籽粒灌漿進度，做到適時采收，及時上市銷售或加工處理，切忌在較高溫度下放置時間過長，以免影響產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和商品性。鮮食玉米秸稈含糖量高、營養(yǎng)豐富、適口性好，果穗采收后，秸稈可直接用于青貯飼料，進一步提高全株利用率和生產(chǎn)附加值。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)部玉米專家指導組
 
　　全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心
 
　　(2017年4月19日)
 

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